Notes

Static correction: Water-induced formation of an alkali-ion dimer throughout cryptomelane nanorods.
Gluten-free (GF) diet is the only reliable treatment for patients with celiac disease (CeD), but data on the extent of gluten contamination in GF food available in India is scanty. We evaluated gluten content in labeled, imported, and non-labeled GF food products currently available in the Indian market.

Overall, 794 processed and commercially available packaged GF products (labeled GF (n = 360), imported GF (n = 80), and non-labeled/naturally GF (n = 354)) were collected from supermarkets of National Capital Region of India. Those unavailable in stores were purchased from e-commerce sites or directly from the manufacturers. selleck Gluten level in them was determined by Ridascreen Gliadin sandwich R5 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R-Biopharm AG, Germany). As per Codex Alimentarius and Food Safety and Standard Authority of India, "gluten free" labeled products must not contain > 20 mg/kg of gluten.

Overall, 10.1% of 794 GF products including 38 (10.8%) of 360 labeled and 42 (11.8%) of 354 non-labeled/naturally GF food products had gluten content > 20 mg/kg (range 24.43-355 and 23.2-463.8 mg/kg, respectively). None of the imported GF products had gluten more than the recommended limits. Contaminated products most commonly belonged to cereal and their products (flours, coarse grains, pasta/macaroni, snack foods) pulse flours, spices, and bakery items.

A substantial proportion (10.1%) of GF food products (both labeled and non-labeled) available in India have gluten content greater than the prescribed limits of <20 mg/kg. Physicians, dietitians, support group, and patients with CeD should be made aware of this fact and regulatory bodies should ensure quality assurance.
A substantial proportion (10.1%) of GF food products (both labeled and non-labeled) available in India have gluten content greater than the prescribed limits of less then 20 mg/kg. Physicians, dietitians, support group, and patients with CeD should be made aware of this fact and regulatory bodies should ensure quality assurance.
Body composition parameters are linked to cardio-metabolic risk. However, high-quality reference values of body composition are scarce, particularly in Asian population. The aim of study was to construct sex- and age-specific normative reference values of body composition for the Vietnamese population.

This study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation that involved 2700 women and 1459 men aged between 20 and 90 (average 48, SD 15) who were participants in the population-based Vietnam Osteoporosis Study. Whole-body composition parameters (e.g., fat mass and lean mass) and site-specific (head, arms, trunk, and legs) parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic Horizon). Reference curves for each parameter and anatomical site were constructed using the Generalized Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape modeling technique.

Overall, 8% of women and 11% of men were classified as obese (body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m
). Most fat mass was deposited at the trunk (~50%), followed by the leg (~33%). Women had ~10% more body fat (relative to body weight) than men. However, whole-body lean mass was higher in men than women, with the average difference being ~13 kg. Moreover, men had more bone mineral content than women (2110 vs. 1600 g). We also provided a comparison of age-related changes in body composition parameters between Vietnamese and US Whites.

These data provide gender- and age-specific reference values of body composition parameters for Vietnamese population. These normative values provide health professionals and the public with a resource for interpretation of body composition data.
These data provide gender- and age-specific reference values of body composition parameters for Vietnamese population. These normative values provide health professionals and the public with a resource for interpretation of body composition data.
Loss of renal function may induce secondary hyperparathyroidism (s-HPT), which triggers several complications leading to an extreme decline in quality of life and increased mortality in affected patients. We evaluated whether parathyroidectomy (PTx), as surgical treatment for s-HPT, modifies body composition, and hormones involved in the protein-energy metabolism of affected patients.

Overall, 30 s-HPT patients were evaluated at two times, before PTx (pre PTx) and 6 months after PTx (post PTx). Patients were evaluated by biochemistry analysis, anthropometry, electrical bioimpedance (BIA), food intake diary, handgrip strength, and modified global subjective nutritional assessment (SGA).

After PTx, patients showed decreased serum levels of total and ionic calcium, as well as decreased alkaline phosphatase and PTH, and increased 25 (OH) vitamin D. These results demonstrate that PTx was efficient to correct part of the mineral disorder. We also observed an increase in caloric intake, body weight, body mass e.
Recently, a new model has been proposed to assess hydration in patients by measurement of total body electrical resistance (TBER), with results expressed in ohm rather than in liter body water. According to this approach, hydration is considered to be normal if TBER is within the normal range. As TBER is inversely related to the size of the limb muscle compartment, this relationship can be used to calculate the patient-specific TBER normal value (TBER
). The present study investigates whether the prediction of TBER
can be improved by the use of ultrasound (US) instead of anthropometrically derived parameters of limb muscularity.

In total, 129 healthy subjects (60 men and 69 women) ranging in age from 18 to 75 yr, and in BMI from 17.4 to 52.0 kg/m
were included in the study. Arm muscle cross-sectional area assessed by anthropometry (AMA
) was compared with mean muscle thickness (MMT) of arm and leg assessed by B-mode US.

MMT correlated stronger with TBER than AMA, and reduced the standard error of the estimate (SEE) by 15% in men and by 26% in women. Muscularity was overestimated by AMA
due to a systematic error directly proportional to subcutaneous fat layer thickness. The gender independent relation between MMT and TBER
is described by the equation TBER
 = 705-75.4⋅MMT (R
 = 0.85, SEE = 22.3 Ω/m, P < 0.001).

US-based measurement of limb muscularity provides a more precise prediction of TBER
, in particular in obese subjects, and is recommended as the method of choice.
US-based measurement of limb muscularity provides a more precise prediction of TBERnorm, in particular in obese subjects, and is recommended as the method of choice.
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are at increased risk of malnutrition and cachexia, definitions of which include weight loss. However, PD patients can absorb glucose from the dialysate and loss of muscle mass may be overlooked by fat weight gain. As such, we wished to review changes in body composition in prevalent PD patients.

We compared changes in body composition measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in adult PD patients, and calculated glucose absorption based on 24-h collections of PD dialysate.

Overall, 73 prevalent PD patients, 60.3% male, mean age 62.5 ± 16.4 years, had DXA scans a median of 24 (15-27) months apart. Weight did not change (70.7 ± 16.8 vs. 70.9 ± 16.8 kg), with a median 198 (88-295) mmol glucose absorbed/day. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) decreased in most of the male (59%) and female (52%) patients, and the change in ALM was negatively associated with the change in percentage body fat mass (%BFM) r = -0.54, p < 0.001. Overall, 56 patients (76.7%) were admitted to hospital with intercurrent illnesses. Women who lost ALM and gained %BFM had more hospital admissions and those with an increase in %BFM had more admissions due to PD peritonitis while, in males, these outcomes were not seen.

Although overall weight did not change, the majority of PD patients lost ALM, and this loss of muscle mass was masked by a gain in fat mass. Definitions of malnutrition and cachexia, which include unintentional weight loss criteria will underestimate the prevalence of PD patients with loss of muscle mass.
Although overall weight did not change, the majority of PD patients lost ALM, and this loss of muscle mass was masked by a gain in fat mass. Definitions of malnutrition and cachexia, which include unintentional weight loss criteria will underestimate the prevalence of PD patients with loss of muscle mass.
To test the diagnostic ability of two combined practical markers for elevated urine osmolality (underhydration) in free-living adults and children.

One hundred and one healthy adults (females n = 52, 40 ± 14 y, 1.70 ± 0.95 m, 76.7 ± 17.4 kg, 26.5 ± 5.5 kg/m
) and 210 children (females = 105, 1.49 ± 0.13 m, 43.4 ± 12.6 kg, 19.2 ± 3.2 kg m
) collected urine for 24-h. Urine was analyzed for urine osmolality (UOsm), color (UC), while the number of voids (void) was also recorded. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed for UC, void, and combination of UC and void, to determine markers' diagnostic ability for detecting underhydration based on elevated UOsm (UOsm ≥ 800 mmol kg
).

Linear regression analysis revealed that UC was significantly associated with UOsm in both adults (R
 = 0.38; P < 0.001) and children (R
 = 0.45; P < 0.001). Void was significantly associated with UOsm in both adults (R
 = 0.13; P < 0.001) and children (R
 = 0.15; P < 0.001). In adults, when UC > 3 and void <7 were combined, the overall diagnostic ability for underhydration was 97% with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 88%, respectively. In children, UC > 3 and void <5 had an overall diagnostic ability for underhydration of 89% with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 62%, respectively.

Urine color alone and the combination of urine color with void number can a valid and simple field-measure to detect underhydration based on elevated urine osmolality.
Urine color alone and the combination of urine color with void number can a valid and simple field-measure to detect underhydration based on elevated urine osmolality.CD4+ effector lymphocytes (Teff) are traditionally classified by the cytokines they produce. To determine the states that Teff cells actually adopt in frontline tissues in vivo, we applied single-cell transcriptome and chromatin analyses to colonic Teff cells in germ-free or conventional mice or in mice after challenge with a range of phenotypically biasing microbes. Unexpected subsets were marked by the expression of the interferon (IFN) signature or myeloid-specific transcripts, but transcriptome or chromatin structure could not resolve discrete clusters fitting classic helper T cell (TH) subsets. At baseline or at different times of infection, transcripts encoding cytokines or proteins commonly used as TH markers were distributed in a polarized continuum, which was functionally validated. Clones derived from single progenitors gave rise to both IFN-γ- and interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells. Most of the transcriptional variance was tied to the infecting agent, independent of the cytokines produced, and chromatin variance primarily reflected activities of activator protein (AP)-1 and IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factor (TF) families, not the canonical subset master regulators T-bet, GATA3 or RORγ.
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