Notes

Influence regarding microclimatic problems along with resource supply on planting season as well as fall phenology regarding mild tree plants sprouting up.
Nicotine exposure results in health risks not only for smokers but also for second- and third-hand smokers. Unraveling nicotine's degradation mechanism and the harmful chemicals that are produced under different conditions is vital to assess exposure risks. We performed a theoretical study to describe the early chemistry of nicotine degradation by investigating two important reactions that nicotine can undergo hydrogen abstraction by hydroxyl radicals and unimolecular dissociation. The former contributes to the control of the degradation mechanism below 800 K due to a non-Arrhenius kinetics, which implies an enhancement of reactivity as temperature decreases. The latter becomes important at higher temperatures due to its larger activation energy. This change in the degradation mechanism is expected to affect the composition of vapors inhaled by smokers and room occupants. Conventional cigarettes, which operate at temperatures higher than 1000 K, are more prone to yield harmful pyridinyl radicals via nicotine dissociation, while nicotine in electronic cigarettes and vaporizers, with operating temperatures below 600 K, will be more likely degraded by hydroxyl radicals, resulting in a vapor with a different composition. Although low-temperature nicotine delivery devices have been claimed to be less harmful due to their nonburning operating conditions, the non-Arrhenius kinetics that we observed for the degradation mechanism below 873 K suggests that nicotine degradation may be more rapidly initiated as temperature is reduced, indicating that these devices may be more harmful than it is commonly assumed.Cardioembolic stroke (CS) is the one of the most severe and requiring dynamic monitoring among the all subtypes of ischemic stroke. Patients with CS require joint treatment with cardiologists. CS is characterized by a greater severity of neurological deficits, a high risk of repeated acute cerebral circulatory disorders and fatal outcomes. This review considers the main causes of CS, the etiopathogenesis of thrombus formation in the heart chambers, current verification criteria and therapeutic aspects of CS, recommendations for the prescription of anticoagulant therapy for primary and secondary preventive treatment.This paper explores the potential of recent research on metacognition to offer new avenues to assess and address the phenomenon of fragmentation in schizophrenia, which was described by E.Bleuler as «splitting». The concepts of metacognition characterize and quantify alterations or decrements in the processes by which fragments or pieces of information are integrated into a coherent sense of self and others. A method for assessing metacognition is presented along with research examining the presence and importance of metacognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Greater levels of metacognitive deficits have been detected in different phases of schizophrenia and linked to poorer psychosocial outcomes. These data were obtained both in foreign and preliminary Russian studies. The authors suggest that treatments, which successfully target metacognitive capacity, may uniquely promote wellness and recovery in schizophrenia.The author describes diagnostic criteria and clinical symptoms of bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and summarizes the results of clinical studies on using modern antipsychotics to optimize BAD treatment. Preliminary recommendations for the use of aripiprazole in treatment of BAD, including exacerbation therapy and long-term maintenance therapy to prevent relapses, are presented.Anhedonia is indeed a pathogenetically important clinical phenotype and a promising endophenotype for depressive symptoms with a very high contribution of biological and genetic factors. Neurobiological mechanisms of anhedonia are impaired functioning of the reward system of the brain, which is confirmed by many neuroimaging, genetic and experimental studies. Anhedonia has a trans-diagnoctic character and should be understood as a complex phenomenon, and it is important to correctly evaluate it within the framework of a particular research paradigm. It seems optimal to form several complementary research strategies that evaluate the most important «facets» of anhedonia, regardless of the nosological form of the disease, within the framework of one study using various methods to search for adequate biomarkers of anhedonia severity (genetic, neuroimaging, biochemical). Given the high-quality organization of such comprehensive studies based on the correct methodology of evidence-based medicine, it is likely that significant biomarker systems will be available in the near future, which, if replicated in independent samples, can be used to personalize the diagnosis and treatment of depression.The relevance of the study of demyelinating diseases is due to their increasing frequency in children, clarification of the role of infectious agents in their genesis, as well as the possibility of transformation of disseminated encephalomyelitis into multiple sclerosis. The literature review presents the currently available information on the causes of the development of demyelinating diseases, biomarkers of disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, the causes of an unfavorable course and possible laboratory parameters indicating the transition from one disease to another, which can be used as prognostic factors. Selleck MMAF The authors also noted the experience of the authors on the importance of adequate etiopathogenetic therapy in changing the nature of the course of the disease, in particular, when confirming the relationship between the frequency of exacerbations of ADEM and MS with the activation of herpesvirus infections, courses of specific antiviral therapy are effective, as well as pathogenetic therapy aimed at correcting endothelial dysfunction using the drug cytoflavin.Cognitive impairment (CI) develops not only in structural damage to the central nervous system, but also in encephalopathies of dysmetabolic and deficiency etiology. Recently, special attention is focused on the appearance of CI due to the deficiency of cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folic acid (FA), the change in the level of homocysteine (HC). To detect vitamin B12 deficiency is possible by examining key biomarkers in serum based on a decrease in the levels of vitamin B12 and holotranscobalamin, and levels of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and HC. The article presents an analysis of studies conducted in Norway, Korea, India, and other countries to assess the risks of CI in the presence of reduced levels of vitamin B12 in the elderly, which demonstrated a decrease in brain volume in the elderly (according to MRI data) in combination with altered test parameters that assess cognitive functions. In many studies, female patients with reduced levels of vitamin B12 predominated among the studied patients. Also, some studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of complex CI therapy with the inclusion of vitamin B12 (both for oral and intravenous administration). Oral vitamin B12 therapy at a dose of 1000 μg has been shown to be adequate for the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency. Also, the administration of vitamin B12 for prophylactic purposes is recommended for patients with subnormal or borderline concentrations of vitamin B12 in the blood serum.
To study the possibility of using the polypeptide drug cortexin for the treatment of cognitive, emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents with epilepsy and to assess the efficacy and safety of the drug in this group of patients.

Eighty-six patients (41 girls and 45 boys) were examined at the age of 3 to 17 y.o. Cortexin was used along with antiepileptic drugs. Clinical and pathopsychological methods were administered.

Children and teenagers with epilepsy have average IQ (91-110) in 72% of cases, 24% had mental deficiency of various intensity, these were children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, including 2% with IQ 154 and 2% with IQ 71-80.

Clinical, neurophysiological and psychological study of children and adolescents with epilepsy reveal the improvement of electrophysiological parameters, there are no aggravation of seizures in 95% cases. The improvement of cognitive functions is observed in 65% of patients.
Clinical, neurophysiological and psychological study of children and adolescents with epilepsy reveal the improvement of electrophysiological parameters, there are no aggravation of seizures in 95% cases. The improvement of cognitive functions is observed in 65% of patients.A clinical case of a genetically confirmed diagnosis of alternating hemiplegia associated with epilepsy is presented. The combination of two types of seizures in a child made it difficult to make a diagnosis. The result of video-EEG monitoring made it possible to understand that a child showed both epileptic seizures and non-epileptic seizures simultaneously with different periodicities. The mutation in the ATP1A3 gene was verified with genome-wide sequencing and targeted therapy was prescribed in a timely manner. As a result, both types of seizures stopped after treatment.The article is a short review of an observational study that proves the good efficacy and tolerability of perampanel suspension in the adjunctive treatment of epilepsy in children over 4 years of age. The study demonstrated a high level of 50% responders 47% with focal seizures, 65% with transition of focal seizures to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, 65% with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Cessation of seizures was achieved in 12%, 19% and 55% of patients, respectively. The most common side-effects were fatigue (26%), nasopharyngitis (19%), lightheadedness, irritability, fever (13% each), and vomiting (11%). There were no significant clinical negative changes in cognitive functions according to the assessment on the Aldenkamp-Baker scale, both on the total score and subscales. Also, there were no significant changes in laboratory data, vital functions and ECG parameters.Progressive supranuclear palsy (PNP) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a combination of progressive akinetic-rigid syndrome, postural instability with frequent falls, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, pseudobulbar syndrome and frontal dementia. The disease usually develops after the sixth decade of life, and has a progressive course. An own description of the clinical case of progressive supranuclear palsy in a 79-year-old patient with oromandibular hyperkinesis while taking levodopa is presented.
To assess the mental health of health workers during a pandemic.

Eight hundred and twelve medical workers took part in a cross-sectional Internet survey. The questionnaire included a socio-demographic block, a block of questionnaires for assessing the level of symptoms of anxiety and depression (PHQ-9 and GAD-7). The data were processed using statistical methods.

The prevalence of anxiety and depression among healthcare providers during the pandemic was 48.77% and 57.63% respectively. Subjectively poor quality of sleep was noted by 37.4% of respondents. Cluster analysis distinguished 4 groups of respondents group 1 was characterized by high scores on PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and a low subjective assessment of sleep quality; group 2 had low scores on PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and a high subjective assessment of sleep quality; respondents from clusters 3 and 4 had average total scores on PHQ-9 and GAD-7, however, group 4 was characterized by significantly lower values of subjective sleep quality assessment.

The division into clusters makes it possible to understand which groups of medical workers require psychological (psychotherapeutic) support in the first place.
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