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We found that Northern saw-whet owls had increased sensitivity to sound sources directly in front of and above their beaks and decreased sensitivity to sound sources below and behind their heads. The spatial region of highest sensitivity extends from the lower beak to the crown of the head and 30° left or right of the median plane, dropping off beyond those margins. Directional sensitivity is undoubtedly useful during foraging and predator evasion, and may also reduce the effect of masking noise from the wings during flight due to the spatial segregation of the noise and targets of interest. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email [email protected] Mounting epidemiologic studies have investigated the potential inverse association between Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence and colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between MD adherence and CRC incidence and mortality. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify eligible studies through September 2019. A random-effects model was used to estimate summary RRs and 95% CIs. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 13 prospective cohort studies, of which 9 reported CRC incidence and 5 reported CRC mortality. The summary RR of CRC incidence was 0.90 (95% CI 0.84, 0.96) for highest compared with lowest MD adherence and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94, 0.99) per 2-score increase in MD adherence. The summary RRs for highest compared with lowest MD adherence were 0.82 for rectal cancer (95% CI 0.71, 0.95), 0.94 for proximal colon cancer (95% CI 0.87, 1.02), and 0.91 for distal colon cancer (95% CI 0.79, 1.04). Neither the summary HR of overall mortality for highest compared with lowest pre- and postdiagnosis MD adherence, nor the summary HR of CRC-specific mortality for highest compared with lowest prediagnosis MD adherence achieved a value with statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis supports the inverse association of MD adherence with CRC incidence, but not with overall mortality or CRC-specific mortality among those diagnosed with CRC. Copyright © The Author(s) on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition 2020.BACKGROUND Estrogen has an important role in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Polymorphisms of the ESR1 gene and the ESR2 gene have been identified as risk factors for URSA, but with varied associations in Chinese populations. This study aimed to compare the role of gene polymorphisms of ESR1 and ESR2 and the risk of URSA in the Chinese Hui and Chinese Han populations. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chinese Hui women (n=171) and Chinese Han women (n=234) with URSA were compared with healthy controls (n=417) matched by ethnicity and age. Genotyping was performed using direct sequencing and identified three polymorphisms of the ESR1 gene (rs9340799, rs2234693, and rs3798759) and three polymorphisms of the ESR2 gene (rs207764, rs4986938, and rs1256049). The association between ESR1 and ESR2 gene polymorphisms and the risk of URSA was evaluated statistically using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS No association was detected between the allelic, dominant, and recessive models of ESR1 and ESR2 gene polymorphisms and the risk of URSA in Chinese Han and Hui populations (p>0.05). The distribution of the AGT haplotype containing ESR2 gene polymorphisms rs2077647A, rs4986938G, and rs1256049T was significantly reduced in patients with URSA compared with controls in the Chinese Hui population (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.14-0.62; p=0.0009; padj=0.005). CONCLUSIONS The AGT haplotype of the ESR2 gene containing the polymorphism rs2077647A, rs4986938G, and rs1256049T (ESR2 hapAGT) was a protective factor for URSA in women in the Chinese Hui population when compared with the Chinese Han population.Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is currently broadly used in the treatment of different types of cancer. The treatment targeting programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 axis is already approved by Food and Drug Administration for numerous cancers. These kinds of therapy brought spectacular results in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer where systemic therapy was ineffective. However, a wide range of applied therapies based on ICIs in the clinic have led to unexpected side effects, such as severe cardiotoxicity. It needs to be underlined that the molecular mechanism of myocarditis in response to ICIs is still not fully understood. Lack of sufficient knowledge, especially concerning the kind of risk factors increasing probability of myocarditis, poses currently a large clinical problem. Continuous cardiac monitoring of patients who undergo ICI treatment presents another problem as it is cost-ineffective for the healthcare system. Herein, we highlight the risks of use of anticancer therapy based on ICIs. We also stress that detailed monitoring of any event of cardiotoxicity following ICIs treatment should be carefully investigated and registered to give a global overview of the frequency of myocarditis occurrence. Moreover, we propose that the extension of molecular and systemic knowledge of etiology of myocarditis as a side effect, including the role of protein kinases, will be highly beneficial for the medical field. Last but not least, better understanding of mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induction will improve the safety of cancer patients and will help clinicians in prediction of unexpected side effect occurrence. © 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.BACKGROUND Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is expected to increase but its health care cost is unknown. The purpose for this study was to estimate the phase-specific lifetime health care costs of OPC for commercially insured individuals in the United States. METHODS We used the Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounter Database to identify our patient population. Cox survival analysis was used to estimate patients' monthly survival probabilities. We determined the ratios of the cumulative costs up to a particular survival probability and the costs from that time point to death for all subjects who died before end of the 5-year follow-up period. This relationship was then used to predict phase-specific lifetime health care costs. RESULTS Our study included 2445 patients with OPC. The predicted phase-specific lifetime health care costs attributable to OPC were $88 872, $24 038, and $1537 in the initial, continuous, and terminal phases, respectively, among commercially insured patients. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.An analysis is presented of four short-term retrieved highly crosslinked polyethylene (HXLPE) hip liners grafted with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) on their bearing surfaces, which were recently commercialized as a new generation of artificial hip joints. Straightforward evidences by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that the MPC layer peeled off on the bearing surface of all short-term liners in both main wear and nonwear zones. Analyses by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection assessed the extent of surface oxidation and revealed the type of oxidative species. Electron spin resonance analyses, which compared retrievals and as-received samples, revealed the presence of different species of alkoxyl CO• radicals. This study suggests that MPC grafts on polyethylene do not offer any additional protection from oxidation and can delaminate prematurely after short-term in vivo exposure. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND The frequency of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) germline mutations in cancer-related genes among children with cancer in highly consanguineous populations is not well studied. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing of germline DNA was performed in 60 children with acute leukemia. We used the St. Jude Pediatric Cancer Variant Pathogenicity Information Exchange (PeCanPIE) data portal for the classification of germline variants by the St. Jude Medal Ceremony pipeline. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and three patients had acute myeloid leukemia. Parental consanguinity was present in 27 (45%) patients. All patients were of Arab ancestry. Three patients (5%) had a history of cancer in their siblings. check details Five patients (8.3%) had P/LP germline mutations in cancer-related genes. Three patients with B-ALL had heterozygous pathogenic mutations in TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2; one patient with B-ALL had homozygous pathogenic mutation in PMS2; and one patient with T-ALL had LP homozygous mutation in AK2 that was associated with reticular dysgenesis. Among patients who had history of parental consanguinity, three (11%) had P/LP germline mutations compared with two (8%) in the absence of parental consanguinity. Fourteen (23%) patients had gold medal variants in cancer-related genes, 13 were heterozygous, and one was homozygous. Silver medal variants were present in 35 (58%) patients; all were heterozygous except one homozygous. CONCLUSIONS Children with acute leukemia in Saudi Arabia had low frequency of P/LP mutations in cancer-related genes despite the high rate of consanguinity. Larger studies using whole-genome sequencing are needed to further explore the heritability of childhood leukemia. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to understand the self-reported advantages and disadvantages of socially networking about body image/eating disorders (EDs) and to examine the openness of these participants to online outreach and support for ED symptoms. METHOD A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with a sample of N = 598. Eligible participants were ≥15 years old, English-speaking, and U.S. residents who endorsed posting or following thin-ideal/body-image content on social media. Quantitative measures were used to assess online peer support and online interaction preferences, and to identify ED symptoms. Deductive and inductive qualitative approaches were used to analyze open-ended items about the advantages and disadvantages of social networking about thin-ideal content on social media platforms (SMPs). RESULTS Among those who posted about the thin-ideal on social media, 70% felt that the peer responses were positive and supportive. Participants generally favored online interaction, and a third stated that they would accept support from someone they did not know online (38%). The most common advantages noted for posting/following thin-ideal content on SMPs were motivation/encouragement to engage in a certain behavior, socializing, and information giving/seeking. The most common disadvantages mentioned for posting/following thin-ideal content on SMPs were that the content elicits negative/bad feelings, having to deal with the negative consequences/reactions of others when socially networking about this topic, and that it triggers a desire to engage in ED behaviors. DISCUSSION With these findings, researchers, health practitioners, and social media administrators can devise ways to reduce harmful consequences of posting/following body-image/ED content on social media. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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