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An up-date in book methods for diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
In this study, frequency of different assemblages of G. duodenalis was determined in sheep and goats by gdh gene and PCR-RFLP method. Same of other studies, assemblage E was dominant genotype in sheep and goats. Isolation of zoonotic assemblages as AI, AII, and BIII showed that sheep and goats should be considered as a source for human infection.Successful molecular research with reliable results depends on achieving significant and uniform amounts of genomic DNA from the parasite as the first and most basic step. Therefore, selection of an appropriate method that minimizes damage to the DNA of the parasite, is very important. In this study, we are going to describe a method that can extract DNA from human isolated paraffin-embedded hydatid cysts with a high quality and quantity. Formalin fixed and Paraffin-embedded hydatid cyst samples isolated from human lung and archived in the pathology laboratory were used for this purpose. Several sections of the paraffin blocks were prepared with 5 micron thickness and DNA were extracted by three different methods including; modified boiling, commercial kit and the method described by Larissa A. Pikor et al. The obtained DNA were evaluated by Nanodrop in terms of the yield of DNA and possible contaminations. To compare the quality of DNA prepared, cox1 region was amplified using specific primers. It was found that the DNA extracted by modified boiling had the lowest rate of contamination and the best electrophoretic band on the gel, compared to other two performed methods. Considering the findings of this study, this simple and high throughput DNA extraction method with high yield and quality can be recommended for extraction of DNA from formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded hydatid cysts.Eimeria spp. infections lead to acute or chronic intestinal disorders in small ruminants, being responsible for important economic losses worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with Eimeria spp. infection in small ruminants of the microregion of Garanhuns, state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Fecal samples (n = 822) were obtained from goats (n = 414) and sheep (n = 408) and evaluated by the modified Gordon and Whitlock technique. Risk factors were assessed through univariate analysis and logistical regression. Oocysts of Eimeria species were detected in 62.9% (517/822) of the animals, with 77.8% (322/414) in goats and 47.8% (195/408) in sheep. For goats, the herd size (OR = 5.52), rearing system (OR = 1.57), feeding place (OR = 2.60), absence of mineral salt in the diet (OR = 2.54), flooring type (OR = 2.83) and periodicity of cleaning (OR = 5.39) were considered risk factors. Conversely, for sheep only the herd size (OR = 3.16) and rearing system (OR = 2.45) were important factors associated with infection by Eimeria spp. Data herein obtained brings meaningful information on the epidemiology of coccidiosis in small ruminants in Northeastern Brazil. The knowledge of these risk factors is useful to contribute to the development of preventive measures, thereby, reducing the economic impact caused by these protozoa in small ruminant production.This study determined the safe dosage of Mentha piperita essential oil in Oreochromis niloticus and tested its effectiveness against gill monogeneans. In the acute toxicity trial in fingerlings, seven oil concentrations (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 mg/L) were evaluated with two controls, one positive (water) and one negative control (water with addition of 35 mL/L of absolute ethyl alcohol-99.8% PA). It was tested the lethal concentration for 48 h (LC50-48 h), and during this period we recorded the behavior and mortality of individuals. After the acute toxicity trial, histological analyzes were performed on the gills of specimens submitted to acute toxicity concentrations and controls. To test the efficacy of the essential oil against the parasite in the live host, it was performed an in vivo trial with 27 naturally infected juvenile Nile Tilapia. A three-replicate treatment was carried out, where the fish were submitted to 60-min baths with essential oil of M. piperita at a concentration of 35 mg/L (value h in the highest concentration of essential oil tolerated by the studied fish specimens.Approximately 250 feral horses [Equus ferus caballus (Linnaeus, 1758)] living on Karadağ Mountain near Karaman City were caught by Kazakh horse herdsmen with permission of the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and brought to a farm in Karkın village in Konya Province, 70 km from Karadağ, in November, 2017. This study was carried out to determine the presence of ectoparasites infesting a subsample of 36 feral horses. The horses were visually inspected, and then their bodies were checked by hand for ectoparasites. this website Thirty-five (97.2%) were infested with at least one of five species of ectoparasites Bovicola equi (Linnaeus, 1758), Hippobosca equina (Linnaeus, 1758), Haemaphysalis parva (Neuman, 1897), Hyalomma excavatum (Koch, 18449), Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer, 1776). Most of the horses were coinfested with two ectoparasite species. Prevalence of infestation with H. equina was 80.6% and with B. equi 72.2%. In addition, prevalence of Ha. parva was 25.0%, Hy. excavatum 13.9%, and D. marginatus was 5.6%. This is the first systematic examination for external parasites of feral horses in Turkey. Further studies are needed to determine ectoparasites of greater numbers of feral horses in different localities.Fish parasites can be used as bio-indicators to evaluate pollution degree in aquatic ecosystems. Limited research has, however, investigated the potentiality of these parasitic worms to tolerate various environmental factors. This study, therefore, investigated whether the gill, Quadriacanthus monogenean parasites of Bagrus bajad Forskål, 1775 are potential bio-indicators of aquatic ecosystem health. The seasonal differences in prevalence, mean intensity and abundance of Quadriacanthus species of Clarias gariepinus varied between each other and between the three localities. Most Quadriacanthus species exhibited their highest prevalence, mean intensity and abundance in Spring and/or Summer and their lowest values in Autumn and/or Winter. The seasonal differences in prevalence were significant for Q. kearni and Q. clariadis while a significant difference in the mean intensity between different seasons was recorded only for Q. aegypticus. Also, seasonal differences in the abundance were highly significant for Q.
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