Notes

Tendencies in a as well as High-Dose Opioid Analgesic Sales receipt Among Growing older People Using as well as With out Aids.
The status of Adelopsis brunnea Jeannel, 1936 is discussed, and is restricted to a single, nominal subspecies. Specific status is restablished for Adelopsis linaresi Szymczakowski, 1969 (previously as Adelopsis brunnea linaresi). The status of Paulipalpina claudicans (Szymczakowski, 1980) is discussed. To correct published misidentifications in museum collections, we also describe the following nine new species Adelopsis claudina sp. n., Adelopsis mrazi sp. n., Adelopsis szymczakowskii sp. n., Adelopsis waclawi sp. n., and Paulipalpina jeanneli sp. n. (all from Brazil), Paulipalpina consuelo sp. n. from Peru, Adelopsis portevini sp. n. and Paulipalpina aragua sp. n. from Venezuela, and Paulipalpina coatepec sp. n. from Mexico. Iutururuca Gnaspini, 1993, described as a subgenus of Adelopsis, is here considered a junior synonym of Adelopsis Portevin, 1907, which is defined as having no subgenera.Details are provided on 124 land snail species and varieties from New Zealand, and a further 14 species putatively from New Zealand, all of which were described by European and North American taxonomists between 1830 and 1934, based on specimens collected between 1824 and 1924. Primary type material of 95 of these taxa was located in Northern Hemisphere museums during the present study. Lectotypes are designated for Helix chimmoi Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix glabriuscula Reeve, 1852, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi Smith, 1880, Nanina ? celinde Gray, 1850, Zonites chiron Gray, 1850 and Zonites coma Gray, 1843. Neotypes are designated for Helix conella Pfeiffer, 1861 and Helix tau Pfeiffer, 1861. Primary type material of the following taxa is figured herein for the first time Bulimus? (Laoma) leimonias Gray, 1850, Cyclophorus cytora Gray, 1850, Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus?) lignarium Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix chimmoi Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix egesta Gray, 1850, Helix fatua Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix greenwoodi Gray, 1850, Helix guttula Pilostictus (Reeve, 1852), Thalassohelix obnubila (Reeve, 1852), Tornatellinops novoseelandica (Küster, 1852) and Wainuia urnula (Reeve, 1854). Helix collyrula Reeve, 1852 and Nanina tullia Gray, 1850 are treated as junior synonyms of Phenacohelix (Neophenacohelix) giveni Cumber 1961 nomen protectum and Helix (Huttonella) pseudoleioda Suter, 1890 nomen protectum, respectively. A brief account is given of the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917.Aphilodontinae are a well distinct but poorly known group of soil centipedes (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Geophilidae) inhabiting two disjunct areas in South America and South Africa respectively. A comprehensive revision of the Neotropical species is presented based on the examination of >150 specimens, the phylogenetic analysis of the entire subfamily based on 47 morphological characters, and the description of eight new species from Southeastern Brazil. The Aphilodontinae were confirmed a monophyletic clade within Geophilidae and closely related to Geoperingueyia, with which they share synapomorphic characters in the labrum, second maxillae and forcipules. Particular groups of clypeal setae, inconspicuous lateral parts of labrum and coalescent forcipular throchanteroprefemur and femur were recovered as synapomorphies of the Aphilodontinae. Four monophyletic genera are recognized within the subfamily Aphilodontinae Silvestri, 1909 (1908) (= Brasilophilidae Verhoeff, 1908; = Mecistaucheninae Verhoeff, 1925 n. serhoeff, 1937) n. comb., P. brevipes (Verhoeff, 1938) n. comb., P. bidentatum (Lawrence, 1955) n. comb., P. longipes (Lawrence, 1955) n. comb., P. macronyx (Lawrence, 1955) n. comb., P. maritimum (Lawrence, 1963) n. comb., P. pauciporum (Lawrence, 1963) n. comb. and P. transvaalicum (Lawrence, 1963) n. comb.) and is characterized by vestigial lateral parts of the labrum and the complete suppression of the distal article of the telopodites of the second maxillae. Identification keys are provided for the Aphilodontinae genera and for the species of Aphilodon, Mecophilus and Mairata n. gen. The known occurrence of Aphilodon in Brazil is extended from the states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso to the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, that of Mecophilus from the state of Paraná to the state of São Paulo.The Oriental species of Chaetocnema Stephens, 1831 are revised. There are 85 valid species, including 19 new species C. angustifrons sp. nov.; C. appendiculata sp. nov.; C. baoshanica sp. nov.; C. dapitanica sp. nov.; C. glabra sp. nov.; C. greenica sp. nov.; C. jinxiuensis sp. nov.; C. hongkongensis sp. nov.; C. latapronota sp. nov.; C. midimpunctata sp. nov.; C. nigrilata sp. nov.; C. parafusiformis sp. nov.; C. paragreenica sp. nov.; C. paraumesaoi sp. nov.; C. purerulea sp. nov.; C. STI571 Bcr-Abl inhibitor reteimpunctata sp. nov.; C. sabahensis sp. nov.; C. subbasalis sp. nov.; C. trapezoida sp. nov. Fifteen new synonyms are proposed C. assamensis Scherer, 1969 (syn. nov.) = C. hainanensis Chen, 1932; C. birmanica Jacoby, 1892 (syn. nov.) = C. malayana Baly, 1877; C. ebenina Warchalowski, 1973 (syn. nov.) = C. yiei Kimoto, 1970; C. flavipennis Medvedev, 1996 (syn. nov.) = C. granulicollis Jacoby, 1896; C. harita Maulik, 1926 (syn. nov.) = C. westwoodi Baly, 1877; C. himalayana Medvedev, 1993 (syn. nov.) = C. melona yunnanica Heikertinger, 1951. Lectotypes are designated for 25 species C. minuta Jacoby, 1896; C. granulicollis Jacoby, 1896; C. kwangsiensis Chen, 1939; C. longipunctata Maulik, 1926; C. montivaga Maulik, 1926; C. basalis Baly, 1877; C. parvula Baly, 1877; C. nitens Baly, 1877; C. geniculata Jacoby, 1896; C. link2 simplicifrons (Baly, 1876); C. sticta Maulik, 1926; C. sumatrana Jacoby, 1896; C. wallacei Baly, 1877; C. alticola Maulik, 1926; C. belli Jacoby 1904; C. cognata Baly, 1877; C. squarrosa Baly, 1877; C. concinnipennis Baly, 1877; C. malayana Baly, 1877; C. link3 birmanica Jacoby, 1892; C. merguiensis Bryant, 1941; C. pusaensis Maulik, 1926; C. singala Maulik, 1926; C. westwoodi Baly, 1877; C. harita Maulik, 1926.Graliophilus zeilensis is described from Mount Zeil in the West MacDonnell Ranges. While Mt Zeil is the highest mountain in the Northern Territory of Australia, the average rainfall for the bioregion is less than 250 mm annually, well below the limit previously thought to support native earthworms. This record considerably extends the range of Graliophilus, which was formerly restricted to southern Australia. It also provides further evidence of a former continent-wide distribution of earthworms which has been confined to increasingly smaller refugia during the gradual desertification of much of Australia's interior.Kamimuria circumspina sp. n. from Wuling Mountains in Guizhou Province, China, is described as new to science. The morphological characters of the new species are discussed and compared with similar perlid taxa and congeners. Kamimuria grandispinata Du Sun is rediscovered from the same mountain range.A new species of the bee genus Rhathymus Lepeletier Serville, 1828 is described and figured as Rhathymus atitlanicus Ayala, Hinojosa-Díaz and Armas-Quiñonez. The new species is from the department of Sololá, Guatemala, and can be distinguished based on the black integument contrasting with the orange color of the wings.The Palaearctic species of Myiocephalus Marshall, 1898 (Braconidae, Euphorinae) are revised and a new species (M. zwakhalsi sp. n.) from Austria is described and illustrated. A key to the Palaearctic species is provided. Myiocephalus niger Fischer, 1957, is a new record for China and the Nearctic Myiocephalus laticeps (Provancher, 1886) is re-instated as valid species. A lectotype is designated for Aphidius hedini Fahringer, 1929.This work presents a list of water beetles of the families Hydraenidae and Elmidae occurring in Kabylia (central-north of Algeria) based on an exhaustive review of literature (1872-2016) and on more than 2126 individuals collected during field campaigns (2013-2015). Twenty-five species belonging to nine genera of Hydraenidae and Elmidae are here recorded from a total of 25 sites. Ochthebius (Ochthebius) bifoveolatus Waltl, 1835 is here recorded for the first time from Algeria; Hydraena leprieuri, Limnebius pilicauda, and Limnius intermedius are new records for Kabylia. A biogeographical analysis shows that the Hydraenidae and Elmidae from Kabylia are essentially Mediterranean (80%) and Palaearctic (20%) elements. Elements with wider distributions are absent.A new and very unusual species of green lacewings, Ungla pseudomeleoma sp. nov. is described from Peru. Males of this species exhibit a remarkable example of generic-level homoplasy with Meleoma. Its abdominal and genitalic features are completely consistent with the genus Ungla. However, its external sexually dimorphic features resemble those of both Ungla and Meleoma. Females of the new species also express cranial modifications that resemble those of some female Meleoma species.Rhinopetitia was known for a long time only by R. myersi, its type species, described from the Ilha do Bananal, Rio Araguaia basin, Tocantins, Brazil. Another recently described species, R. potamorhachia, was considered to differ from R. myersi by having the outer and inner rows of premaxillary teeth with seven to nine cusps, a midlateral dark stripe and a dark humeral blotch (versus outer and inner rows of premaxillary and of maxillary teeth with three to five cusps, and the absence of a dark midlateral stripe). Recently collected specimens from the Araguaia and Tocantins river basins are considered to belong to R. myersi, allowing to better characterize this species which is redescribed herein. Four new species are recognized for the genus, all from Brazil 1) Rhinopetitia paucirastra, new species, collected from the upper Rio Tocantins drainage, state of Goiás, distinguished from all its congeners mainly by the presence of rudimentary and fewer gill rakers in external row on first gill arch; 2) R. oligolepis, new species originating from the Rio Jamanxim, Rio Tapajós drainage, state of Pará, differing from its congeners by having 4 longitudinal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line; 3) R. melanohumeralis, new species, collected from small streams tributaries of the upper Rio Tapajós, and the upper Rio Xingu basins, states of Pará and Mato Grosso, that has the body as deep as in R. paucirastra but has well-developed and more gill rakers in the external row on first branchial arch; and 4) R. nigrofasciata, new species, collected in small tributaries of the upper portions of the Rio Tapajós and Rio Xingu basins, states of Pará and Mato Grosso, with the body narrower than in R. paucirastra and R. melanohumeralis.The acotylean polyclads are characterized by the absence of a ventral sucker located posteriorly to the female gonopore. These flatworms are mostly marine, benthic or pelagic, except by two species, one freshwater Limnostylochus borneensis and other semi-terrestrial Myoramyxa pardalota. Oaxaca is a state located in the southern Mexican Pacific, where only three acotyleans species have been formally recorded until now. After sampling littoral to sublittoral zones, a total of 34 specimens were collected and fixed in frozen formalin. Some specimens were stained with Mayer´s carmalum and hematoxylin and cleared in methyl salicylate for whole mounts; the portion containing the reproductive structures of other specimens were dissected and histologically processed in sagittal and frontal sections. Four species were identified as belonging to four genera and three families. The new genus Bisacculosuteri gen. nov. is established, close to the genus Itannia, but lacking double ventral suckers placed on both sides of the female gonopore.
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