Notes

In-hospital programs surgery within intense cerebrovascular event reperfusion therapy: a meta-analysis.
Triptolide (TP) is the major bioactive compound extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. It exerts anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antineoplastic, and neuroprotective effects. However, the severe hepatotoxicity induced by TP limits its clinical application. Ginsenoside Rb1 has been reported to possess potential hepatoprotective effects, but its mechanism has not been fully investigated. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against TP-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 cells, as well as the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that ginsenoside Rb1 effectively reversed TP-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 cells. Apoptosis induced by TP was suppressed by ginsenoside Rb1 via inhibition of death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rb1 significantly reduced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and down-regulated the expression of Fas, cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), cleaved caspase-3, and -9. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 reversed TP-induced cell cycle arrest in HL-7702 cells at S and G2/M phase, via upregulation of the expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin E, cyclin A, and downregulation of the expressions of p53, p21, and p-p53. Ginsenoside Rb1 increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, but decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rb1 enhanced the expression levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), total Nrf2, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductases-1 (NQO-1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/Nrf2 complex. Therefore, ginsenoside Rb1 effectively alleviates TP-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 cells through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway.The study was aimed to develop a characterized polyherbal combination as an immunomodulator containing Phyllanthus emblica L., Piper nigrum L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. Through response surface methodology (RSM), the ratio of aqueous extracts of four plant materials was optimized and comprised 49.76% of P. emblica, 1.35% of P. nigrum, 5.41% of W. somnifera, and 43.43% of T. cordifolia for optimum immunomodulatory activity. The optimized combination showed antioxidant potential and contains more than 180 metabolites, out of which gallic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferitrin, and p-coumaric acid are some common and significant metabolites found in plant extracts and in polyherbal combination. Treatment with the polyherbal combination of different doses in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice significantly (p less then 0.01) enhanced the subsets of immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells (60%), B cells (18%), CD4 cells (14%), and CD8 cells (7%). The characterized polyherbal combination exhibited potent immunomodulatory activity, which can be further explored clinically for its therapeutic applicability.Background Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) has been suggested as a biomarker for cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective Determine if applying a wavelet-based qEEG algorithm to 21-electrode, resting-state EEG recordings obtained in a routine clinical setting has utility for predicting cognitive impairment in PD. Methods PD subjects, evaluated by disease stage and motor score, were compared to healthy controls (N = 20 each). PD subjects with normal (PDN, MoCA 26-30, N = 6) and impaired (PDD, MoCA ≤ 25, N = 14) cognition were compared. The wavelet-transform based time-frequency algorithm assessed the instantaneous predominant frequency (IPF) at 60 ms intervals throughout entire recordings. We then determined the relative time spent by the IPF in the four standard EEG frequency bands (RTF) at each scalp location. The resting occipital rhythm (ROR) was assessed using standard power spectral analysis. Results Comparing PD subjects to healthy controls, mean values are decreased for ROR all scalp locations, negative contributions from RTF-Beta at central locations, and negative contributions from RTF-Delta at central, frontal and temporal locations. Age, disease duration and/or sex are not significant covariates. No PC was associated with motor score or disease stage. Significance Analyzing standard EEG recordings obtained in a community practice setting using a wavelet-based qEEG algorithm shows promise as a PD biomarker and for predicting cognitive impairment in PD.Background The role of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in the ischemic white matter damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion remains obscure. Here we investigated the role of A2AR in the process of macrophage polarizations in the white matter damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and explored the involved signaling pathways. Methods We combined mouse model and macrophage cell line for our study. White matter lesions were induced in A2AR knockout mice, wild-type mice, and chimeric mice generated by bone marrow cells transplantation through bilateral common carotid artery stenosis. Microglial/macrophage polarization in the corpus callosum was detected by immunofluorescence. For the cell line experiments, RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with the A2AR agonist CHS21680 or A2AR antagonist SCH58261 for 30 min and cultured under low-glucose and hypoxic conditions. Macrophage polarization was examined by immunofluorescence. The expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) afactor IL-10 via the PPARγ-P65 pathway, both of which might explain its neuroprotective effect.Objective Levodopa up-titration is the primary therapeutic strategy as the Parkinson's disease (PD) progresses. However, the effects of levodopa up-titration on blood pressure (BP) are inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute levodopa up-titration simulated by levodopa challenge test (LCT) on BP in patients with early stage PD. Methods We monitored BP in 52 patients with early stage PD using a standardized standing test. BP was assessed in supine position after 10 min of rest and at 1 and 3 min after standing up. BP was measured in the "off-state" and the best "on-state" during LCT in the morning at hospital. In another day, "off-state" and the best "on-state" BP was measured before and after anti-PD drug uptake in the morning at home. Demographic and clinical features of the patients were evaluated and analyzed. Results In the LCT, the prevalence of OH in the "off-state" and the best "on-state" was 11.5 and 13.5%, respectively. Additionally, the OH in the best "on-state" was associated with OH in the "off-state" and monoamine oxidase B inhibitor use. Although 38 (73.1%) patients experienced levodopa-induced hypotension during the LCT, no risk factors were identified. While BP reductions were observed after taking anti-PD drugs at home, no further reduction was seen during acute levodopa up-titration simulated by the LCT. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that acute levodopa up-titration does not exacerbate BP reduction induced by anti-PD drugs at home. BP monitoring is critical for the management of patients with PD.An early detection and intervention for dementia represent tremendous unmet clinical needs and priorities in society. A shared feature of neurodegenerative diseases causing dementia is the abnormal accumulation and spreading of pathological protein aggregates, which affect the selective vulnerable circuit in a disease-specific pattern. The advancement in positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers has accelerated the understanding of the disease mechanism and development of therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The clinical utility of amyloid-β PET and the clinical validity of tau PET as diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease continuum have been demonstrated. check details The inclusion of biomarkers in the diagnostic criteria has introduced a paradigm shift that facilitated the early and differential disease diagnosis and impacted on the clinical management. Application of disease-modifying therapy likely requires screening of patients with molecular evidence of pathological accumulation and monitoring of treatment effect assisted with biomarkers. There is currently still a gap in specific 4-repeat tau imaging probes for 4-repeat tauopathies and α-synuclein imaging probes for Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy body. In this review, we focused on recent development in molecular imaging biomarkers for assisting the early diagnosis of proteinopathies (i.e., amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein) in dementia and discussed future perspectives.Objective Pisa syndrome (PS) is a disabling postural deformity in Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to elucidate clinical factors determining the severity and laterality of PS in PD. Methods In 54 PD patients with PS, we measured the clinical factors that are previously known to contribute to the occurrence of PS as follows asymmetry of motor symptoms for the evaluation of asymmetric basal ganglia dysfunction, the degree and direction of subjective visual vertical (SVV) tilt for the misperception of body verticality, the canal paresis for unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy, and the tonic electromyographic (EMG) hyperactivity of paraspinal muscles for dystonia. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the clinical factors associated with the degree of truncal tilt, for the quantification of the severity of PS, and PS tilting to the less affected side, respectively. Results The multivariable linear regression analyses revealed that the larger degree of SVV tilt (β = 0.29, SE = 0.10, p = 0.005), right-sided SVV tilt (β = 2.32, SE = 0.82, p = 0.007), and higher Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stage (β = 4.01, SE = 1.29, p = 0.003) significantly increased the severity of PS. In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, greater asymmetry of motor symptoms [odds ratio (OR) = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.34-3.49] was significantly associated with PS tilting to the less affected side, while right-sided SVV tilt (OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.001-0.21), unilateral canal paresis (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.003-0.79), and higher HY stage (OR = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.002-0.46) were associated with PS tilting to the more affected side. Conclusion Misperception of verticality, asymmetric basal ganglia dysfunction, unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy, and motor disability are the clinical factors associated with the severity and laterality of PS in patients with PD.Background Increasing evidence has shown that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can result in abnormal energy metabolism and sleep disorders, even before motor dysfunction. Although the hypothalamus and thalamus are important structures in these processes, few ALS studies have reported abnormal MRI structural findings in the hypothalamus and thalamus. Purpose We aimed to investigate volumetric changes in the thalamus and hypothalamus by using the automatic brain structure volumetry tool AccuBrain®. Methods 3D T1-weighted magnetization-prepared gradient echo imaging (MPRAGE) scans were acquired from 16 patients with ALS with normal cognitive scores and 16 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls. Brain tissue and structure volumes were automatically calculated using AccuBrain®. Results There were no significant differences in bilateral thalamic (F = 1.31, p = 0.287) or hypothalamic volumes (F = 1.65, p = 0.213) between the ALS and control groups by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Left and right hypothalamic volumes were correlated with whole-brain volume in patients with ALS (t = 3.
My Website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ldc195943-imt1.html