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Your COVID-19 Global Pandemic and it is Influence on the actual Mental Well being of Nurses in Malaysia.
Brief and effective clinical interviewing is critical for identifying patient risk factors, including those associated with substance use. Dental practitioners may perceive identifying patient substance misuse and abuse as a complex undertaking or may consider this clinical assessment beyond the scope of their training and practice. This article describes interviewing strategies that will help dental providers communicate effectively and empathically with their patients to collect relevant clinical information related to substance use, misuse, and abuse and provide better care for their patients.Dentistry is in a unique position among the health care professions to assess and manage the patient with controlled substance risk. The concern over opioid risk is not new, and historically dentists have had to balance the critical need for adequate pain care with the importance of recognizing the consequences of using controlled substances for their patients. Barriers for providing adequate patient assessment and management may be greater in dentistry than other health care fields, although these barriers can be recognized and overcome. Collaboration with cotreating providers will improve patient outcomes and reduce patient risk.We recovered 195 fungal isolates from the sediments of different lakes in the Antarctic Peninsula, which were screened to detect bioactive compounds. Forty-two taxa belonging to the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were identified. Thelebolus globosus, Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus, Pseudogymnoascus verrucosus, Vishniacozyma victoriae, and Phenoliferia sp. were found to be the most prevalent. The fungal assemblages showed high diversity and richness, but low dominance values. However, the diversity indices and fungal distribution ranged according to the different lake sediments. Sixty fungal extracts displayed at least one biological activity against the evaluated targets. Among them, Pseudogymnoascus destructans showed selective trypanocidal activity, Cladosporium sp. 1 and Trichoderma polysporum showed antifungal activity, and Pseudogymnoascus appendiculatus and Helotiales sp. showed high herbicidal activity. We detected a rich and diverse fungal community composed of cold cosmopolitan and psychrophilic endemic taxa recognized as decomposers, symbiotics, pathogens, and potential new species, in the sediments of Antarctic lakes. The dynamics and balance of this fungal community represents an interesting aquatic web model for further ecological and evolutionary studies under extreme conditions and potential climate changes in the regions. In addition, we detected fungal taxa and isolates able to produce bioactive compounds that may represent the source of prototype molecules for applications in medicine and agriculture.Parvalbumins play crucial physiological roles in neuromuscular systems of vertebrates, such as cell-cycle, development of neurons, contraction of muscles, and regulation of intracellular calcium. To perform these neuromuscular functions, parvalbumin may be in associated with other proteins including calbindin, carbonic anhydrase, and cytochrome oxidase. Humans may show an IgE-specific hypersensitivity to parvalbumins after consumption of some distinct fish species. While this protein is abundant in fish muscles, literature review of publications related to fish parvalbumins, do not point to the presence of parvalbumins in eukaryotic microbes. In this study, we propose that distantly related parvalbumins may be found in some non-fish species. Bioinformatics studies such as multiple sequence alignment (MSA), phylogenetic analysis as well as molecular-based experiments indicate that, at least two parvalbumins sequences (UniProt IDs A0A178F775 and A0A178F7E4) with EF-hand domains and Ca2+-binding sites could be ieum-specific and this pathogenic fungus can be differentiated from T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes through identification of parvalbumin genes. Further studies are necessary to unravel the biochemical and physiological functions of parvalbumins in T. violaceum.Hyphae of filamentous fungi undergo polar extension, bifurcation and hyphal fusion to form reticulating networks of mycelia. Hyphal fusion or anastomosis, a ubiquitous process among filamentous fungi, is a vital strategy for how fungi expand over their substrate and interact with or recognise self- and non-self hyphae of neighbouring mycelia in their environment. Morphological and genetic characterisation of anastomosis has been studied in many model fungal species, but little is known of the direct proteomic response of two interacting fungal isolates. Agaricus bisporus, the most widely cultivated edible mushroom crop worldwide, was used as an in vitro model to profile the proteomes of interacting cultures. click here The globally cultivated strain (A15) was paired with two distinct strains; a commercial hybrid strain and a wild isolate strain. Each co-culture presented a different interaction ranging from complete vegetative compatibility (self), lack of interactions, and antagonistic interactions. These incompatible . New insights into the differential response of interacting strains of A. bisporus will enhance our understanding of potential barriers to viral transmission through vegetative incompatibility. Our results suggest that a differential proteomic response occurs between A. bisporus at strain-level and findings from this work may guide future proteomic investigation of fungal anastomosis.Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are phytopathogens and human opportunists. The influence of temperature on the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of culture filtrates of five Botryosphaeriaceae species was investigated. All culture filtrates of fungi grown at 25 °C were phytotoxic symptoms were evaluated based on visual inspection of necrosis areas and on the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, Fv/Fm. Diplodiacorticola and Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense were the most phytotoxic, followed by Neofusicoccum parvum CAA704 and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Phytotoxicity dramatically decreased when strains were grown at 37 °C, except for B. dothidea. All strains, except N. parvum CAA366 and Neofusicoccum eucalyptorum, grown either at 25 °C or 37 °C, were toxic to mammalian cells; at 25 °C and at 37°C, D. corticola and B. dothidea were the most cytotoxic, respectively. Although the toxicity of B. dothidea to both cell lines and of N. kwambonambiense to Vero cells increased with temperature, the opposite was found for the other species tested. Our results suggest that temperature modulates the expression of toxic compounds that, in a scenario of a global increase of temperature, may contribute to new plant infections but also human infections, especially in the case of B. dothidea.To well cope with various external carbon sources, fungi have evolved an adaptive mechanism to overcome the adversity of carbon source deficiency. The sucrose non-fermenting (SNF1) protein kinase mainly mediates the utilization of non-fermentable carbon sources. In this study, we determined the function of Snf1, coding the α-subunit of SNF1 kinase, in the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata via analyzing the Snf1 deletion mutants (ΔAasnf1). Aasnf1 is required for growth, development of aerial mycelium, and conidiation. Results of pathogenicity test showed that ΔAasnf1 induced smaller lesions on detached citrus leaves. Moreover, in the carbon utilization assay, ΔAasnf1 showed growth inhibition on the minimal medium supplemented with polygalacturonic acid, sucrose or alcohol as the only carbon source. Compared to the wild type, ΔAasnf1 also exhibited stronger resistance to cell wall stressors of sodium dodecyl sulfate and congo red. In conclusion, Aasnf1 played important roles in the carbon utilization, vegetative growth, conidiation, cell wall functions and pathogenicity of A. alternata. This study is the first report on the functions of Aasnf1 and our results suggest that Snf1 is critical for the conidiogenesis and pathogenesis of the A. alternata tangerine pathotype.Hypsizygus marmoreus is an important commercial edible fungus, but the lack of basic studies on this fungus has hindered further development of its commercial value. In this study, we found that the treatment of damaged vegetative mycelia with 1 mM l-ascorbic acid (ASA) significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities (GPX, GR, CAT and SOD) and antioxidant contents (GSH and ASA) and reduced the ROS levels (H2O2 and O2-) in mechanically damaged mycelia. Additionally, this treatment increased mycelial biomass. At the reproductive stage, our results demonstrated that the treatment of damaged H. marmoreus mycelia with 2.24 mM ASA significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities (GPX, GR, GST, TRXR and CAT), endogenous ASA contents and GSH/GSSG ratios in different developmental stages and significantly decreased the MDA and H2O2 contents. Furthermore, this study showed that the expression levels of the antioxidant enzyme genes were consistent with the enzyme activities. Damaged mycelia treated with ASA regenerated 2-3 d earlier than the control group and showed significantly enhanced fruiting body production. These results suggested that exogenous ASA regulated mycelia intracellular ASA content to increase mycelial antioxidant abilities, induce the regeneration of damaged mycelia and regulate the development of fruiting bodies in H. marmoreus.Leaf rust (also called brown rust) in wheat, caused by fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina Erikss. (Pt) is one of the major constraints in wheat production worldwide. Pt is widespread with diverse population structure and undergoes rapid evolution to produce new virulent races against resistant cultivars that are regularly developed to provide resistance against the prevailing races of the pathogen. Occasionally, the disease may also take the shape of an epidemic in some wheat-growing areas causing major economic losses. In the recent past, substantial progress has been made in characterizing the sources of leaf rust resistance including non-host resistance (NHR). Progress has also been made in elucidating the population biology of Pt and the mechanisms of wheat-Pt interaction. So far, ∼80 leaf rust resistance genes (Lr genes) have been identified and characterized; some of them have also been used for the development of resistant wheat cultivars. It has also been shown that a gene-for-gene relationship exists between individual wheat Lr genes and the corresponding Pt Avr genes so that no Lr gene can provide resistance unless the prevailing race of the pathogen carries the corresponding Avr gene. Several Lr genes have also been cloned and their products characterized, although no Avr gene corresponding a specific Lr gene has so far been identified. However, several candidate effectors for Pt have been identified and functionally characterized using genome-wide analyses, transcriptomics, RNA sequencing, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), transient expression and other approaches. This review summarizes available information on different aspects of the pathogen Pt, genetics/genomics of leaf rust resistance in wheat including cloning and characterization of Lr genes and epigenetic regulation of disease resistance.
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