Notes

Intestine microbes engage in meals preference changes in the course of weight problems.
Endoglin expression in metastatic cases (0.68 + 0.10) was higher than nonmetastatic cases (0.45 + 0.20) and the difference was statistically significant (
= 0.002).

This study shows that presence of endoglin determines the metastatic potential of the tumor and its prognosis, thus, could be considered as a potential target of therapy.
This study shows that presence of endoglin determines the metastatic potential of the tumor and its prognosis, thus, could be considered as a potential target of therapy.
Sepsis is a major worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Hence, rapid and reliable diagnosis is essential. Emergency departments use a standard measure of sepsis, based upon an elevated Lactate level in blood. Saliva is more readily available and easier to obtain than blood samples, and is increasingly being studied as a new source of diagnostic information.

This study aimed to evaluate whether analysis of Lactate levels in saliva can substitute for that of Lactate levels in blood.

We processed saliva samples and serum samples from septic shock and non-septic shock patients. We found out Lactate levels in both the group. We plotted the concentration of Lactate in non-septic and septic patients and compared lactate levels in saliva to its levels in blood.Statistical analysis Results were statistically analyzed by independent sample t test and A Spearman rho correlation.

We found increased serum and salivary Lactate levels in all cases of sepsis compared to the control group. Notably, the increase ay not serve as better indicator in septic shock patients.The emerging (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health disaster, caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. The disease spreads at an alarming rate all over the world and presents a range of disease manifestations including asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe symptoms irrespective of age groups. Most patients with severe symptoms exhibit underlying comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Alternatively, there is an existing evidence for an association between oral health and nonoral systemic diseases. Since the oral cavity is a significant pool for many respiratory pathogens, patients with oral infections are more likely to develop pneumonia as a complication. Therefore, we emphasize that the oral hygiene status has a great impact on the recession and progression of oropharyngeal and respiratory diseases.
The aim of the study is to evaluate the presence of myofibroblasts quantitatively in oral epithelial dysplasia, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved from the institutional archives. The sample size is 35 and included 15 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia (
= 15), 15 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (
= 15) and 5 cases of normal oral mucosa which served as the control (
= 5). Histologic sections were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using alpha-smooth muscle actin, and the mean number of myofibroblasts was evaluated.

There were no myofibroblasts in the stroma of normal oral mucosa and oral epithelial dysplasia. Whereas all cases of OSCC showed myofibroblasts (mean ± standard deviation 21.49 ± 9.76). This difference of myofibroblasts between OSCC and oral epithelial dysplasia was statistically significant with a
< 0.05. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean number of Myofibroblasts(MF) between 3 histologic grades of OSCC.

The presence of myofibroblasts in the stroma of OSCC and their absence in normal oral mucosa and epithelial dysplasia reveals that these cells may play a role in cancer cell invasion and progression so the treatment strategies targeting the myofibroblasts and their by products may be beneficial in OSCC patients.
The presence of myofibroblasts in the stroma of OSCC and their absence in normal oral mucosa and epithelial dysplasia reveals that these cells may play a role in cancer cell invasion and progression so the treatment strategies targeting the myofibroblasts and their by products may be beneficial in OSCC patients.Chronology of tooth eruption is the most preliminary and crucial topic which is covered in the undergraduate syllabus of the dental curriculum. Eruption of permanent and primary teeth follows a particular time sequence. Both maxillary and mandibular arch has similar number of teeth, beginning from central incisors to molars. The pattern of eruption differs slightly between maxillary and mandibular arch. Remembering the years or months in a numerical manner is the usual way by which a student learns the eruption chronology. Eruption clock is a specially designed learning aid, which makes this teaching-learning process a lot easier, effective and practical.
It becomes extremely challenging for forensic artists to reconstruct the highly decomposed faces, especially during mass disasters. It would be of great help for the identifying team of experts if there was a method to determine the facial and cephalic dimensions. This study aims to provide a method to generate a simplified method to calculate the facial and cephalic indices of an individual based on the dentition since human dentition remains almost intact in most scenarios.

The sample consisted of 200 participants with the age range of 18-23 years belonging to Kerala. The cephalic and facial indices were measured using a caliper. The interincisal, intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar widths of maxillary dentition were measured on study models using a digital vernier caliper. The mean cranial and facial index were calculated and were correlated with interdental measurements.

It was concluded that dominant head types in Kerala males were dolichocephalic (50.2%) followed by mesocephalic (29.8%). In females, the dominant head types were dolichocephalic (42.7%) followed by mesocephalic (42.2%). In the facial types, majority of individuals were found to be leptoprosopic. A good correlation was found between the intercanine width with facial width and cranial width and a simplified formula were derived to estimate the cranial and facial index for this population.

The results of the study suggest that the facial index and cranial index of a particular population can be evaluated from interdental measurements of the maxillary cast, especially the intercanine width.
The results of the study suggest that the facial index and cranial index of a particular population can be evaluated from interdental measurements of the maxillary cast, especially the intercanine width.Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a conglomerate of clinically aggressive course and disparate histopathological features. It is frequently seen in upper aerodigestive tract area. Histopathologically, it is biphasic and composed of two types of tumor cells, namely basaloid and squamous cells. Tumor markers, namely, BerEp4, epithelial membrane antigen and p53 are used in this case to differentiate from similar tumors which impersonate BSCC histologically but differ prognostically. MM3122 chemical structure We report a case of BSCC in a 48-year-old female patient, involving the lateral border of the tongue with an exhaustive picture of its histological and immunohistochemical appearance.
To estimate the awareness of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and coverage of hepatitis B vaccination among dental students enrolled in dental colleges located in Andhra Pradesh.

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a prestructured questionnaire to find out the awareness of HBV and coverage of hepatitis B vaccine among dental students.

A total of 2780 dental students were approached to participate in the study but only 2701 (97.1%) students (M = 900, F = 1801) gave response. Out of the total 2701 students, 79.45% were aware of HBV infection and only 51.50% of the participants received hepatitis B vaccine. 20.5% have come across HBV infected patients and 59.5% are unaware of postexposure protocol. Of all, 63.9%, 21.5% and 42% felt the mode of transmission is blood, sexual contact and oral fluids, respectively. 49.12% recommended for awareness programs on risks in HBV; 56.46% suggested mandatory Hepatitis B vaccination programs in dental colleges.

Despite the availability and accessibility of a cost-effective hepatitis B vaccine, the vaccination coverage among dental students was low. Health education needs to be improved for all health care students especially for dental students.
Despite the availability and accessibility of a cost-effective hepatitis B vaccine, the vaccination coverage among dental students was low. Health education needs to be improved for all health care students especially for dental students.Myofibroma is a benign tumor of myofibroblasts occurring commonly in infants and children. It can occur as a solitary lesion or as multiple lesions in the soft tissues or intraosseously. The presence of the solitary lesion is common in the soft tissues of the head-and-neck region but rare in jawbones. Histologically, it has a biphasic pattern of presentation and mimics spindle cell tumors. Immunohistochemistry is essential for its confirmatory diagnosis. This article describes a case of this rare lesion presenting as a solitary lesion in the left body of the mandible in a 7-month-old boy baby. The diagnostic and therapeutic challenges have been discussed.A 64-year-old female with complaints of swelling right preauricular region was referred to our tertiary cancer center with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) report of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and radiological differential of malignant salivary gland neoplasm and sarcoma. On examination, there was a mass over her right parotid region Clinical diagnosis was malignant salivary gland neoplasm. Slide review of FNAC was inconclusive. Biopsy was done. Histopathology showed neoplasm comprising of nests of cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm with focal area showing peripherally arranged columnar cells with palisading. On enquiry, the patient gave a history of surgery of right mandible 48 years back. Correlating histopathology and clinical history, a diagnosis of granular cell ameloblastoma was rendered. Radiological evaluation showed a solid-cystic lesion in the right masticator space. Right mandible showed only part of head of mandible consistent with previous surgery. Radical surgery was done. Final report confirmed the biopsy diagnosis.Ever since the COVID 19 pandemic struck our nation and started to cripple our health care infrastructure around the world, a considerable number of research was directed toward the development of the COVID Vaccine. However, when it finally came into our medical infrastructure, people were skeptical about taking the vaccine because of the considerable confusion on its efficacy and adverse effects. An attempt has been made through this communication to narrate my personal experience; My journey from First Infection to Vaccination finally culminating with COVID Reinfection, lessons learnt!!Forensic odontology and anthropology play an important role in the identification of humans/victims in mass disasters (accidents and earthquakes) and criminal cases (homicide, rape and suicide) even if less available human remains or samples. Forensic also helps in the identification of age, sex, stature estimation and race identification using photographs, bite marks, lip prints, palatal rugae, radiographs and dental DNA identification if antemortem records are available. Here, we review the available methods of human identification. Cone-beam computed tomography of the skull showed superiority in comparison of both facial skeletal and soft tissue to examine the teeth, occlusion, palatal rugae, soft tissue thickness and other unique features.
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