Notes

Gene signatures of autopsy bronchi from fat sufferers together with COVID-19.
Owing to their professional and personal experiences, retired military orthopedic surgeons' views of their careers are a unique source of inspiration. Reflecting on their experiences allows them to grasp the positive points and those that need to be improved for future generations. The purpose of this study is to gather the opinions of retired surgeons on the career of military orthopedic surgeons.

We addressed a questionnaire to all retired French military orthopedic surgeons in the database of the Chair of Applied Surgery for the Armed Forces as of December 2020, retrained in the civilian sector. A questionnaire sent by email made it possible to collect demographic, professional, and personal data about their careers. Subjective data were evaluated using a visual analog scale from 0 to 10 or a subjective qualification scale. The main assessment criterion was the average score (out of 10) of the retired surgeons' opinions on their careers.

Fifty-two percent of retired surgeons replied (32 out of 61), wre very satisfied with the quality of their training, their job, and their activity. However, the quality of their personal/family life, working conditions, and the financial aspects of the career reduced this satisfaction. The results also have potential application in improving the preparation of young military orthopedic surgeons.
Overall, the opinion of retired French military orthopedic surgeons on their careers is very good. Their point of view provides interesting elements for reflection from both a professional point of view and a personal point of view. They were very satisfied with the quality of their training, their job, and their activity. However, the quality of their personal/family life, working conditions, and the financial aspects of the career reduced this satisfaction. The results also have potential application in improving the preparation of young military orthopedic surgeons.
New onset undifferentiated large joint inflammatory arthritis can be diagnostically challenging. It is unknown how often these patients progress to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and how they can be identified at first presentation. We assessed clinical and serological features associated with RA-development in patients with an undifferentiated mono- or oligo-articular large joint arthritis, and with keen interest if an MRI of the small joints of the hand and foot would aid diagnosis.

Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic includes 4018 patients; this prospective study follows 221 consecutively included patients with new onset undifferentiated large joint arthritis. Baseline clinical data and serology were obtained. Forty-five patients had MRIs (hand and foot). MRIs were scored according to the OMERACT RAMRIS. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were assessed. Test characteristics, predictive values and net reclassification index (NRI) for RA was determined.

Patients mostly presented with knee or anklebeneficial for early identification of RA in large joint arthritis.
To investigate whether giant cell arteritis (GCA) is associated with increased all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

A nationwide, population-based cohort study in Denmark using medical and administrative registries. GCA cases were defined as patients aged ≥50 years from 1996-2018 with a first-time discharge diagnosis of GCA and ≥3 prescriptions for prednisolone within 6 months following diagnosis. Each GCA patient was matched based on age, sex and calendar time to 10 persons without a history of GCA. TBOPP concentration Index date was the date for the third prednisolone prescription. We used a pseudo-observation approach to calculate all-cause and cause-specific mortality, adjusted risk differences (RDs) and relative risks (RRs).

We included 9908 GCA patients and 98204 persons from the general population. The median time for GCA patients to redeem the third prednisolone prescription was 74 days (IQR 49-106). Among GCA patients, the overall mortality was 6.4% (95% CI 5.9-6.9) 1 year after index date and 45% (95% CI 44-47) after 10 years. Compared to the reference cohort, adjusted RDs and RRs of deaths in the GCA cohort were 2.2% (95% CI 1.7-2.7) and 1.49 (95% CI 1.36-1.64) after 1 year, and 2.1% (95% CI 1.0-3.3) and 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.05) 10 years after index date. GCA patients had a higher risk of death due to infectious, endocrine, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal diseases.

GCA is associated with increased all-cause mortality, particularly within the first year following the diagnosis. Cause-specific mortality indicates that mortality in GCA may in part be due to glucocorticoid-related complications.
GCA is associated with increased all-cause mortality, particularly within the first year following the diagnosis. Cause-specific mortality indicates that mortality in GCA may in part be due to glucocorticoid-related complications.The knowledge of the diversity and genetic structure of pest insects under management contributes to the improvement of control strategies. An experiment was run to investigate whether the addition of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales Cordycipitaceae) (BB) and compost to soil affects the presence and genetic diversity of adults and larvae of Phyllophaga obsoleta Blanch (Coleoptera Melolonthinae) larvae in maize crops. We collected adults in and used mating pairs under four treatments (BB, compost, soil, blank). Genetic diversity and structure were determined through five allo/iso-enzymatic loci. Beauveria bassiana affected the presence and mortality of P. obsoleta in the laboratory but not under field conditions. The genetic diversity of P. obsoleta ranged from moderate to high (Ho = 0.26-0.31), with a low genetic differentiation among localities or treatments (Phi less then 0.05), indicating high levels of gene flow. Our results showed a weak effect of B. bassiana on P. obsoleta in the field. Still, our laboratory observations suggest that the fungus may be a suitable alternative for biological control.Tissue-specific stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by providing a continuous supply of differentiated cells throughout the life of organisms. Differentiated/differentiating cells can revert back to a stem cell identity via dedifferentiation to help maintain the stem cell pool beyond the lifetime of individual stem cells. Although dedifferentiation is important for maintaining the stem cell population, it is speculated that it underlies tumorigenesis. Therefore, this process must be tightly controlled. Here, we show that a translational regulator, me31B, plays a critical role in preventing excess dedifferentiation in the Drosophila male germline in the absence of me31B, spermatogonia dedifferentiate into germline stem cells (GSCs) at a dramatically elevated frequency. Our results show that the excess dedifferentiation is likely due to misregulation of nos, a key regulator of germ cell identity and GSC maintenance. Taken together, our data reveal negative regulation of dedifferentiation to balance stem cell maintenance with differentiation.Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is a phenomenon whereby somatic mutations confer a fitness advantage to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) and thus facilitate their aberrant clonal expansion. These mutations are carried into progeny leukocytes leading to a situation whereby a substantial fraction of an individual's blood cells originate from the HSPC mutant clone. Although this condition rarely progresses to a hematological malignancy, circulating blood cells bearing the mutation have the potential to affect other organ systems as they infiltrate into tissues under both homeostatic and disease conditions. Epidemiological and clinical studies have revealed that CH is highly prevalent in the elderly and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent experimental studies in murine models have assessed the most commonly mutated "driver" genes associated with CH, and have provided evidence for mechanistic connections between CH and cardiovascular disease. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which specific CH mutations promote disease pathogenesis is of importance, as it could pave the way for individualized therapeutic strategies targeting the pathogenic CH gene mutations in the future. Here, we review the epidemiology of CH and the mechanistic work from studies using murine disease models, with a particular focus on the strengths and limitations of these experimental systems. We intend for this review to help investigators select the most appropriate models to study CH in the setting of cardiovascular disease.Understanding the mechanisms of embryonic cell cycles is a central goal of developmental biology, as the regulation of the cell cycle must be closely coordinated with other events during early embryogenesis. Quantitative imaging approaches have recently begun to reveal how the cell cycle oscillator is controlled in space and time, and how it is integrated with mechanical signals to drive morphogenesis. Here, we discuss how the Drosophila embryo has served as an excellent model for addressing the molecular and physical mechanisms of embryonic cell cycles, with comparisons to other model systems to highlight conserved and species-specific mechanisms. We describe how the rapid cleavage divisions characteristic of most metazoan embryos require chemical waves and cytoplasmic flows to coordinate morphogenesis across the large expanse of the embryo. We also outline how, in the late cleavage divisions, the cell cycle is inter-regulated with the activation of gene expression to ensure a reliable maternal-to-zygotic transition. Finally, we discuss how precise transcriptional regulation of the timing of mitosis ensures that tissue morphogenesis and cell proliferation are tightly controlled during gastrulation.
fastsimcoal2 extends fastsimcoal, a continuous time coalescent-based genetic simulation program, by enabling the estimation of demographic parameters under very complex scenarios from the site frequency spectrum under a maximum-likelihood framework.

Other improvements include multi-threading, handling of population inbreeding, extended input file syntax facilitating the description of complex demographic scenarios, and more efficient simulations of sparsely structured populations and of large chromosomes.

fastsimcoal2 is freely available on http//cmpg.unibe.ch/software/fastsimcoal2/. It includes console versions for Linux, Windows and MacOS, additional scripts for the analysis and visualization of simulated and estimated scenarios, as well as a detailed documentation and ready-to-use examples.
fastsimcoal2 is freely available on http//cmpg.unibe.ch/software/fastsimcoal2/. It includes console versions for Linux, Windows and MacOS, additional scripts for the analysis and visualization of simulated and estimated scenarios, as well as a detailed documentation and ready-to-use examples.While humans lack sufficient capacity to undergo cardiac regeneration following injury, zebrafish can fully recover from a range of cardiac insults. Over the past two decades our understanding of the complexities of both the independent and co-ordinated injury responses by multiple cardiac tissues during zebrafish heart regeneration has increased exponentially. Although cardiomyocyte regeneration forms the cornerstone of the reparative process in the injured zebrafish heart, recent studies have shown that this is dependent on prior neovascularisation and lymphangiogenesis, which in turn require epicardial, endocardial and inflammatory cell signalling within an extracellular milieu that is optimised for regeneration. Indeed, it is the amalgamation of multiple regenerative systems and gene regulatory patterns that drives the much-heralded success of the adult zebrafish response to cardiac injury. Increasing evidence supports the emerging paradigm that developmental transcriptional programmes are reactivated during adult tissue regeneration, including in the heart, and the zebrafish represents an optimal model organism to explore this concept.
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