Notes

Activities involving Family Parents of individuals with Dementia during the COVID-19 Outbreak.
By bridging the gaps between network science, palaeodemography and cultural evolution, we draw attention to the use of the archaeological record to depict patterns of social interactions and transmission variability. We argue that this new framework will contribute to improving our understanding of social interaction patterns, as well as the contexts in which cultural changes occur. Ultimately, this may provide insights into the evolution of human behaviour. © 2020 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.OBJECTIVE To study the effect of antenatal magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ) on cerebral palsy (CP) in a manner that also provides adequate power for a linked trial sequential analysis. DESIGN Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. SETTING Fourteen Danish obstetric departments. POPULATION In total, 560 pregnant women at risk for preterm delivery before 32 weeks of gestation were randomised from December 2011 to January 2018. Those women gave birth to 680 children. METHODS Women were randomised to receive either a loading dose of 5 grams MgSO4 followed by 1 gram/hour or a placebo in identical volumes. The children were followed up at a corrected age of 18 months or older with a review of their medical charts and with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome measure was moderate to severe CP. Abexinostat cell line Secondary outcomes included mortality, neonatal morbidity, blindness, and mild CP. RESULTS The crude rates of moderate to severe CP in the MgSO4 group and the placebo group were 2.0% and 3.3%, respectively. The adjusted odds of moderate to severe CP were lower in the MgSO4 group than in the placebo group (odds ratio 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.23-1.65). CONCLUSIONS Antenatal MgSO4 before 32 weeks of gestation decreases the likelihood of moderate to severe CP, and these results are entirely consistent with other randomised evidence summarised in the linked trial sequential analysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes one of the most grievous pandemics infectious disease, tuberculosis (TB), with long-term morbidity and high mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant Mtb strains, and the co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, challenges the current WHO-TB stewardship programs. The first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) have become extensively obsolete in TB control from chromosomal mutations during the last decades. However, based on clinical-trial statistics, the production of well-tolerated anti-TB drug(s) is miserably low. Alternately, semi-synthesis or structural modifications of first-line obsolete antitubercular drugs remain as the versatile approach for getting some potential medicines. The use of any suitable phytochemical with INH in a hybrid formulation could be an ideal approach for the development of potent anti-TB drug(s). The primary objective of this review is to highlight and analyze available on INH-phytochemical hybrid research works as an alternative method. The utilization of phytochemicals through chemical conjugation is a new trend towards the development of safer/ non-toxic anti-TB drugs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Most ternary sulfides belonging to the M GaS 2 structure-type have been known for many years and are well-characterized. Surprisingly, there have been no reports of the NaGaS 2 composition, which contains Na, a monovalent cation slightly larger in size than Li, found in LiGaS 2 , a compound known for its non-linear optical properties. Herein we demonstrate for the first time that the unique reversible water absorption in NaGaS 2 has resulted in its absence from the literature due to the difficulties that one encounters when characterizing this compound by SC XRD. The layered structure of this compound coupled with uniquely easy migration of water molecules between the layers allows for ion exchange with 3 d and 5 f metal cations. We established that some cations, e.g. Ni 2+ , facilitate exfoliation of the layers, providing a facile synthetic route to a new class of 2D chalcogenide materials and, in addition, demonstrating that NaGaS 2 can readily uptake uranyl species from aqueous solutions. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Despite being of primary importance for fundamental research and clinical studies, the relationship between local neural population activity and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in humans remains largely unknown. Here we report simultaneous scalp and intracerebral EEG responses to face stimuli in a unique epileptic patient implanted with 27 intracerebral recording contacts in the right occipitotemporal cortex. The patient was shown images of faces appearing at a frequency of 6 Hz, which elicits neural responses at this exact frequency. Response quantification at this frequency allowed to objectively relate the neural activity measured inside and outside the brain. The patient exhibited typical 6 Hz responses on the scalp at the right occipitotemporal sites. Moreover, there was a clear spatial correspondence between these scalp responses and intracerebral signals in the right lateral inferior occipital gyrus, both in amplitude and in phase. Nevertheless, the signal measured on the scalp and inside the brain at nearby locations showed a 10-fold difference in amplitude due to electrical insulation from the head. To further quantify the relationship between the scalp and intracerebral recordings, we used an approach correlating time-varying signals at the stimulation frequency across scalp and intracerebral channels. This analysis revealed a focused and right-lateralized correspondence between the scalp and intracerebral recordings that were specific to the face stimulation is more broadly distributed in various control situations. These results demonstrate the interest of a frequency tagging approach in characterizing the electrical propagation from brain sources to scalp EEG sensors and in identifying the cortical sources of brain functions from these recordings. © 2020 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND Low-back pain (LBP) pathophysiological conditions include nociceptive back pain, somatic referred pain, radicular pain (RP), and radiculopathy. Differential diagnosis is challenging; guidance may come from patients' thorough clinical history and physical examination, and particularly, for lumbar RP, from the evaluation of subjective responses of injured lumbar nerves to a strain applied at the buttock (Buttock Applied Strain, BUAS-test). METHODS In a sample of n=395 consecutive LBP patients, sensitivity, specificity, and prior probability (positive and negative predictive values, PPV and NPV, respectively) of the BUAS-test were evaluated against two Reference tests the Straight Leg Raising Test (SLRT) and the painDETECT (PD) questionnaire. Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) and χ2 analyses were used to evaluate the BUAS-test outcomes dependence upon independent variables (gender, age group, pain localization, SLRT, and PD outcomes). Cohen's Kappa statistic was used to assess inter-rater agreement. RESULTS Against PD, the BUAS-test showed a sensitivity of 92%, specificity, and PPV of 100%, respectively, and NPV of 82%; against the SLRT, sensitivity and NPV of 82%, respectively, and specificity and PPV of 40%, respectively. Interrater agreement Cohen's Kappa was 0.911. Significant associations were found between BUAS-test outcomes and pain localization, SLRT, and PD outcomes, but not with gender or age group predictors. MLR showed significant congruent relationship between BUAS-test and the PD outcomes. CONCLUSION Among LBP patients, the BUAS-test showed satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, Prior Probability, and interrater reliability, and thus, it may be considered a useful adjunctive tool to uncover RP in LBP patients. For results generalization, more research, in different clinical settings other than pain clinics, is needed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM The aim of this study was to explore the effect of health-care providers' attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis, subjective norms and perceived stigma towards medicinal cannabis users on health-care providers' intention to recommend medicinal cannabis for patients with qualifying conditions. METHODS A cross-sectional correlational study included 221 health-care providers (mean age, 42.2 ± 11.2; 74.2% women and 76.5% nurses) who completed a questionnaire examining theory-based variables and stigma towards medicinal cannabis users. RESULTS More positive attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis were associated with lower stigma towards medicinal cannabis users, which, in turn, was associated with a higher intention of recommending medicinal cannabis for patients with qualifying conditions. The relationship between attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis and the intention to recommend medicinal cannabis varies according to subjective norms. CONCLUSIONS Among nurses and physicians, stigma towards medicinal cannabis users mediated the relationship between attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis and the intention to recommend medicinal cannabis for patients with qualifying conditions, whereas subjective norms moderated this relationship. Effective treatment with medicinal cannabis might be compromised by health-care providers' negative attitudes, stigma and subjective norms. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease in childhood and is related to insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors. Evidence supporting the association of fitness and physical activity with hepatic fat, liver enzymes, or triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio is scarce in children. OBJECTIVE To analyze the associations of physical fitness and physical activity (PA) with percentage hepatic fat, liver enzymes, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk in children with overweight/obesity. SUBJECTS A total of 115 children (10.6 ± 1.1 years; 54% girls) with overweight/obesity of the EFIGRO study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02258126) were included in the analyses. METHODS Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), musculoskeletal fitness and speed-agility were measured by the Alpha-fitness tests, and PA by wGT3X-BT accelerometers. Percentage hepatic fat was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), insulin, glucose, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were obtained from fasting blood samples. The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and AST/ALT and TG/HDL ratios were calculated. RESULTS Higher CRF was associated with lower percentage hepatic fat (β = -0.266, P = .01) and GGT (β = -0.315, P less then  .01), and higher AST/ALT ratio (β = 0.306, P less then  .01). CRF-fit children have lower GGT levels (15 ± 1 vs 17 ± 1 U/L, CRF-fit vs CRF-unfit children, P = .02), HOMA-IR (2.2 ± 0.1 vs 2.9 ± 0.1, P less then  .01) and TG/HDL ratio (1.4 ± 0.1 vs 1.9 ± 0.1, P = .01) and higher AST/ALT ratio (1.3 ± 0.0 vs 1.2 ± 0.0, P = .03), than CRF-unfit children. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the importance of considering the improvement of CRF as a target of programs for preventing hepatic steatosis, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in children with overweight. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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