Notes

Child Intense The leukemia disease.
Hence, more comprehensive data can be obtained by increasing the number of patients and storing the serum samples for more than 72 hours.
The results obtained from the patients infected with T. gondii at different times and conditions of up to 72 hours were not significantly affected clinically. Hence, more comprehensive data can be obtained by increasing the number of patients and storing the serum samples for more than 72 hours.
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic infection that affects humans, livestock and wild animals through the larval form of
(s.l.). Molecular and taxonomic studies carried out in the recent years accept that Echinococcus granulosus s.l., a complex of 5 cryptic species, causes CE. In this study, we performed morphological and molecular characterisation of cyst isolates obtained from a wild boar and mule naturally infected with hydatid cyst.

After gDNA isolation, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (mt-
) gene region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers. The amplified mt-
PCR products were purified and one-way DNA sequence analysis was performed.

Comparison of the partial sequences of mt
gene from the hydatid cyst isolates with that of reference sequences in GenBank revealed 100% similarity with
(G1-G3) sequences.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the molecular characterisation of Echinococcus species in a wild boar in Turkey.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the molecular characterisation of Echinococcus species in a wild boar in Turkey.
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common public health concern in Turkey. In this study, we investigated the agreement between the results of radiological imaging methods and serological tests through a 5-year retrospective evaluation in patients admitted to a university hospital with a suspicion of CE so as to determine the frequency of CE in the study region.

The indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) results of 1.046 patients obtained from various clinics with the suspicion of CE between January 2014 and December 2018 were retrospectively analysed. Of these, patients with at least one radiological imaging report in the system (938 patients) were included in the study. Radiological imaging findings and IHA test results were compared and examined.

Seropositivity was detected by IHA test in 143 (15.2%) of 938 patients included in the study. The CE findings were recorded in at least one radiological imaging report in 130 (90.9%) of 143 patients with positive IHA test. HIV Protease inhibitor At least one of the radiological imaging reports suggested presence of CE in 362 (38.5%) of all the patients.

Thus, serological test and radiological imaging methods should be used in combination for the diagnosis of CE.
Thus, serological test and radiological imaging methods should be used in combination for the diagnosis of CE.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of eprinomectin, moxidectin and fenbendazole for treating
infections in naturally infected Mongolian gerbils (
).

A total of 28 gerbils were placed in individually numbered cages to determine the individual animal parasite load. Eggs per gram (EPG) counts were used to estimate the efficacy of the drugs. The day before the anthelmintic administration was denoted as day 0, and the EPG counts were determined by the McMaster technique from the stool removed from the cage bottom on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. The animals were assigned to one of four treatment groups according to their day 0 EPG counts. link2 The orally administered drugs in the treatment groups were eprinomectin (15 mg/kg), moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg) and fenbendazole (12 mg/kg) for groups 1-3, respectively. The fourth group served as the control (without any drug administration).

Treatment efficacy was evaluated based on weekly EPG counts. The values decreased to zero in the fenbendazole group at 4 weeks of follow-up after treatment, and no parasite was found in any of the repeated examinations. The eprinomectin and moxidectin groups exhibited a fluctuating EPG state on both individual and group basis.

, which is known as the specific parasite of gerbils, can easily affect other members of the animal colony; thus, the control of its presence in gerbil breeding units is necessary. Therefore, the reported effective drug treatments are important for the fight against the investigated parasitic infection.
D. translucida, which is known as the specific parasite of gerbils, can easily affect other members of the animal colony; thus, the control of its presence in gerbil breeding units is necessary. Therefore, the reported effective drug treatments are important for the fight against the investigated parasitic infection.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis by molecular and serological techniques among owned dogs brought to veterinary clinics in the Muğla region of Turkey.

Blood samples were collected from a total of 131 dogs of different breeds and gender that were brought to veterinary clinics between October 2017 and November 2018 in the Muğla region. These blood samples were analysed using immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

According to the IFAT results, 49 out of 131 dogs (37.4%) were found to have anti
antibodies at a titer of ≥1/64, which was considered as seropositive. On the other hand, PCR results obtained in this study showed that 9 out of 131 dogs (6.87%) were
spp. positive by RV1/RV2 PCR.

The results suggest that there is a need to focus on developing measures to control the disease, fight the vector
and initiate disease control programmes for dogs in the Muğla region.
The results suggest that there is a need to focus on developing measures to control the disease, fight the vector Phlebotom and initiate disease control programmes for dogs in the Muğla region.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of liver hydatidosis in sheep slaughtered in a private slaughterhouse in Konya and to estimate the economic loss incurred because of the disease.

The study was conducted over a period of 12 months between 1 June 2018 and 31 May 2019. Given that the aim of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of liver hydatidosis, only the livers of 41,002 sheep were examined for hydatid cysts.

The liver of 810 (1.97%) sheep was found to be infected with hydatid cysts during the study period. The infection rate was determined as 5.34% in animals older than one year of age and 1.68% in animals less than one year of age. Regardless of the age group, the highest infection rate was found in autumn (3.34%), while the lowest infection rate was seen in spring (0.84%). In the sheep, the highest infection rate was in December (17.2%), and in lambs, it was in June (2.9%). On the other hand, the lowest infection rate in sheep was observed in November (1.8%), while the lowest infection rate in lambs was found in April (0.7%). The total economic loss incurred due to the annihilated livers was estimated as 36,450 TL (6.417$). Regardless of the number of cysts and degree of infection, the infected livers were completely discarded. The economic loss incurred due to the discarded livers was estimated by considering the 2019 offal prices.

Based on the data obtained from this study, it could be concluded that hydatidosis still exists in Konya as well as throughout Turkey and that it causes serious economic loss.
Based on the data obtained from this study, it could be concluded that hydatidosis still exists in Konya as well as throughout Turkey and that it causes serious economic loss.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by
(
) is an endemic disease in Iran. The current reference drugs, including Glucantime, possess high toxicity in addition to some side-effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring biomedical plants. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the anti-leishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of hydroalcoholic extracts from
(
) over promastigote and amastigote forms.

This study was performed at the Iran Birjand University of Medical Sciences, during the year 2019. In this study, the hydroalcoholic extracts of the stems, leaves (LE) and fruits (FE) of
were obtained. link3 The anti-leishmanial activity was assessed against leptomonad promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of
. The cytotoxicity of these extracts was determined in murine macrophages.

The FE and LE of
demonstrated a significant leishmanicidal effect against
promastigotes with an IC50 of 0.9 mg/mL and 1.1 mg/mL, respectively. The FE showed the most anti-leishmanial activity and presented with the highest index of selectivity (SI=14.6) as an anti-leishmanial product. Infected macrophages treated using the FE showed a reduction in parasite burden by 97.3%.

The results of the present study demonstrated the leishmanicidal activity of
on both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. There is a need for performing comprehensive studies on relevant animal models and to access the effects of active components of
extract on the growth of L. major.
The results of the present study demonstrated the leishmanicidal activity of P. farcta on both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. There is a need for performing comprehensive studies on relevant animal models and to access the effects of active components of P. farcta extract on the growth of L. major.Lavage has been used in the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis(IPN) for a long time.It can be divided into peritoneal lavage and necrotic cavity lavage according to different parts of lavage.At present,peritoneal lavage is rarely used,while necrotic cavity lavage is widely used in laparotomy,minimally invasive surgery and endoscopic debridement and drainage for IPN patients.However,there is no unified standard for the type,method,duration and indication of stopping lavage.The application of lavage is controversial proponents think that necrotic cavity lavage can dilute and remove residual or new necrotic tissue,remove inflammatory mediators and reduce the times of debridement,etc.While opponents think that lavage can not significantly reduce the concentration of phospholipase A2 and other bioactive substances,and is easy to form abscess and peripancreatic sepsis and cause infection to spread into the abdominal cavity and form peritonitis.In conclusion,necrotic cavity lavage can benefit some patients,especially those with smaller drainage diameter who underwent endoscopic debridement and percutaneous catheter drainage.However,whether it is necessary for patients with larger drainage diameter who underwent laparotomy or video-assisted debridement still needs to be further studied by randomized controlled trials.Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor in the digestive system.The role of neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer has been highlighted with the understanding of pancreatic cancer biological behavior and popularization of comprehensive treatment.Therefore,Study group of Pancreatic Surgery in China Society of Surgery of Chinese Medical Association and Pancreatic Disease Committee of China Research Hospital Association has formulated the guidelines for neoadjuvant therapy of pancreatic cancer in China(2020 edition).This guidelines elaborated key issues of the neoadjuvant therapy of pancreatic cancer,and provided reference for clinical practice.This article aims to interpret the guidelines about the preparation before neoadjuvant therapy, indication, regimen selection, therapeutic effect evaluation and surgery strategy, with further discussion about controversial issues of neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer.
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