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COVID-19 pandemic and prioritize research and timely testing availability.Dystrophinopathy is a group of inherited phenotypes arising from pathogenic variants in DMD. We evaluated the clinical and genetic characteristics of Korean patients with genetically confirmed dystrophinopathy. We retrospectively reviewed medical records (January 2004-September 2020) from the myopathy database maintained at the study hospital and found 227 patients from 218 unrelated families with dystrophinopathy. Clinical phenotypes included 120 (53%) Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cases, 20 (9%) intermediate phenotype muscular dystrophy (IMD) cases, 65 (29%) Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) cases, 18 (8%) undetermined phenotypes, and 4 (2%) symptomatic carriers. The median ages at symptom onset and diagnosis were 5.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 3.8-8.0) and 12.0 years (IQR 7.0-21.0), respectively. Total manual muscle test (MMT) scores decreased annually in patients with DMD, IMD, and BMD. Overall, when age increased by 1 year, total MMT scores decreased on average by -1.978, -1.681, and -1.303 in patients with DMD (p less then 0.001), IMD (p less then 0.001), and BMD (p less then 0.001), respectively. Exonic deletion and duplication were reported in 147 (67%) and 31 (14%) of the 218 unrelated probands, respectively. learn more A total of 37 different small sequence variants were found in 40 (18%) of the 218 probands. The reading frame rule was applicable to 142 (94%) of the 151 probands. The present results highlight the long-term natural history and genetic spectrum of dystrophinopathy in a large-scale Korean cohort.The purpose of current study is to reveal spatiotemporal features of oscillatory EEG activities in response to emotional arousal induced by emotional video stimuli, and to find the characteristics of cortical activities showing significant difference according to arousal levels. The EEGs recorded during watching affective video clips were transformed to cortical current density time-series, and then, cluster-based permutation test was applied to determine the spatiotemporal origins of alpha- and beta-band activities showing significant difference between high and low arousal levels. We found stronger desynchronization of alpha-band activities due to higher arousal in visual areas, which may be due to stronger activation for sensory information processing for the highly arousing video stimuli. In precentral and superior parietal regions, the stronger desynchronization in alpha-and low beta-bands was observed for the high arousal stimuli. This is expected to reflect enhanced mirror neuron system activities, which is involved in understanding the intention of other's action. Similar changes according to arousal level were found also in inter-regional phase synchronization in alpha- and beta-bands.Environmental quality is a major factor that directly impacts waterfowl productivity. Accurate prediction of pollution index (PI) is the key to improving environmental management and pollution control. This study applied a new neural network model called temporal convolutional network and a denoising algorithm called wavelet transform (WT) for predicting future 12-, 24-, and 48-hour PI values at a waterfowl farm in Shanwei, China. The temporal convoluted network (TCN) model performance was compared with that of recurrent architectures with the same capacity, long-short time memory neural network (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU). Denoised environmental data, including ammonia, temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), and total suspended particles (TSP), were used to construct the forecasting model. The simulation results showed that the TCN model in general produced a more precise PI prediction and provided the highest prediction accuracy for all phases (MAE = 0.0842, 0.0859, and 0.1115; RMSE = 0.0154, 0.0167, and 0.0273; R2 = 0.9789, 0.9791, and 0.9635). The PI assessment prediction model based on TCN exhibited the best prediction accuracy and general performance compared with other parallel forecasting models and is a suitable and useful tool for predicting PI in waterfowl farms.
SARS-CoV-2 is a worldwide serious health problem. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the number of potentially infectious particles present during endoscopic procedures and find effective tools to eliminate the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection while performing them.

An experimental model which focused on aerosol problematics was made in a specialized laboratory. This model simulated conditions present during endoscopic procedures and monitored the formation of potentially infectious fluid particles from the patient's body, which pass through the endoscope and are then released into the environment. For this reason, we designed and tested a prototype of a protective cover for the endoscope's control body to prevent the release and spread of these fluid particles from its working channel. We performed measurements with and without the protective cover of the endoscope's control body.

It was found that liquid coming through the working channel of the endoscope with forceps or other instruments inside generates droplets with a diameter in the range of 0.1-1.1 mm and an initial velocity of up to 0.9 m/s. The average number of particles per measurement per whole measured area without a protective cover on the endoscope control body was 51.1; with this protective cover on, the measurement was 0.0, p<0.0001.

Our measurements proved that fluid particles are released from the working channel of an endoscope when forceps are inserted. A special protective cover for the endoscope control body, made out of breathable material (surgical cap) and designed by our team, was found to eliminate this release of potentially infectious fluid particles.
Our measurements proved that fluid particles are released from the working channel of an endoscope when forceps are inserted. A special protective cover for the endoscope control body, made out of breathable material (surgical cap) and designed by our team, was found to eliminate this release of potentially infectious fluid particles.Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often not comfortable during mobile-phone conversations with unfamiliar people. "Hugvie" is a pillow with a human-like shape that has been designed to provide users with the tactile sensation of hugging another person during phone conversations to promote feelings of comfort and trust in the speaker toward their conversation partners. Our primary aim was to examine whether physical contact by hugging a Hugvie could reduce the stress of speaking with an unfamiliar person on the phone in individuals with ASD. We enrolled 24 individuals and requested them to carry out phone conversations either using only a mobile phone or using a mobile phone along with the Hugvie. All participants in both groups completed questionnaires designed to evaluate their self-confidence while talking on the phone, and also provided salivary cortisol samples four times each day. Our analysis revealed that the medium of communication was a significant factor, indicating that individuals with ASD who spoke with an unfamiliar person on the phone while hugging a Hugvie had stronger self-confidence and lower stress levels than those who did not use Hugvie. Hence, we recommend that huggable devices be used as adjunctive tools to support individuals with ASD during telephonic conversations with unfamiliar people.In the murine liver, there are two major macrophage populations, namely resident Kupffer cells (resKCs) with phagocytic activity and recruited macrophages (recMφs) with cytokine-producing capacity. This study was performed to clarify the functional differences between these two populations, focusing on their susceptibility to radiation and response to stimulation via liver X receptors (LXRs), which are implicated in cholesterol metabolism and immune regulation. Liver mononuclear cells (MNCs) were obtained from C57BL/6 (WT) mice with or without 2 Gy irradiation, and the phagocytic activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) as well as TNF-α production were compared between the two macrophage populations. To assess LXR functions, phagocytosis, TNF-α production, and endocytosis of acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were compared after synthetic LXR ligand stimulation. Furthermore, LXRα/β knockout (KO) mice and LXRα KO mice were compared with WT mice. Irradiation decreased intracellular TNF-α production by recMφs but did not affect the phagocytic activity of resKCs. In vitro LXR stimulation enhanced E. coli phagocytosis by resKCs but decreased E. coli-stimulated TNF-α production by recMφs. Phagocytic activity and acetylated LDL endocytosis were decreased in both LXRα/β KO mice and LXRα KO mice, with serum TNF-α levels after E. coli injection in the former being higher than those in WT mice. In conclusion, resKCs and recMφs exhibited different functional features in response to radiation and LXR stimulation, highlighting their distinct roles liver immunity and lipid metabolism.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common chronic liver disease, may progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. But only a few cross-sectional studies have reported an association of NAFLD with working hours. This cohort study further examined the association between working hours and the development of NAFLD.

We included 79,048 Korean adults without NAFLD at baseline who underwent a comprehensive health examination and categorized weekly working hours into 35-40, 41-52, 53-60, and >60 hours. NAFLD was defined as the presence of fatty liver, in the absence of excessive alcohol use, as observed by ultrasound.

During a median follow-up of 6.6 years, 15,095 participants developed new-onset NAFLD (incidence rate, 5.55 per 100 person-years). After adjustment for confounders, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the development of NAFLD in 41-52, 53-60, and >60 working hours compared with that in 35-40 working hours were 1.07 (1.02-1.13), 1.06 (1.00-1.13), and 1.13 (1.05-1.23), respectively. Furthermore, the association remained significant after confounders were treated as time-varying covariates.

In this large-scale cohort, long working hours, especially >60 working hours a week, were independently associated with incident NAFLD. Our findings indicate that long working hours are a risk factor for NAFLD.
60 working hours a week, were independently associated with incident NAFLD. Our findings indicate that long working hours are a risk factor for NAFLD.To investigate the usage of a water jet for enamel drilling ex vivo, 210 individual extracted molars without lesions or fillings were collected. Then, the specimens were drilled by a water jet or a high-speed dental drill. The cavities of 50 teeth were reconstructed digitally by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to measure the height and width. The cavities of 10 teeth were longitudinally incised and their surfaces were observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). After the cavities were filled, 50 fillings were vertically incised. The bonding interface between tooth and filling was observed by SEM. 50 teeth with fillings were stained in 0.1% rhodamine B solution, and then the dye penetration between tooth and filling was observed under the stereomicroscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The bonding strength between enamel and filling of 50 teeth was simulated and predicted with finite element analysis (FEA). At 140-150 MPa and for 2-3 s, cavities were made with a depth of approximately 764 μm in each tooth.
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