Notes

Effect of Iv IgM-Enriched Immunoglobulins in Presepsin and Other Sepsis Biomarkers.
Their insulin content, size and number was similar as in control islets. Isolated beta cells from GM3 synthase null mice unable to synthesize GM3 and GD3 also showed lower glucose uptake than respective control cells, corroborating the results obtained from the cell-specific model. We conclude that in particular the negatively charged gangliosides GM3 and GD3 of beta cells positively influence Glut2 function to adequately respond to high glucose loads. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] in multiple genes required for proper O-mannosylation of α-dystroglycan are causal for congenital/limb-girdle muscular dystrophies and abnormal brain development in mammals. Previously, we and others further elucidated the functional O-mannose glycan structure that is terminated by matriglycan, [(-GlcA-β3-Xyl-α3-)n]. This repeating disaccharide serves as a receptor for proteins in the extracellular matrix. Here, we demonstrate in vitro that HNK-1 Sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST/CHST10) sulfates terminal glucuronyl residues of matriglycan at the 3-hydroxyl and prevents further matriglycan polymerization by the LARGE1 glycosyltransferase. While α-dystroglycan isolated from mouse heart and kidney is susceptible to exoglycosidase digestion of matriglycan, the functional, lower molecular weight α-dystroglycan detected in brain, where HNK-1ST expression is elevated, is resistant. Removal of the sulfate cap by a sulfatase facilitated dual-glycosidase digestion. Our data strongly support a tissue specific mechanism in which HNK-1ST regulates polymer length by competing with LARGE for the 3-position on the non-reducing GlcA of matriglycan. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] bacteria of the family Gallionellaceae are major players in the Fe biogeochemical cycle in freshwater. These bacteria thrive in redox transition zones where they benefit from both high Fe concentrations and microaerobic conditions. We analysed the Gallionellaceae genomic diversity in an artesian hard-rock aquifer where redox transition zones develop (i) in the subsurface, where ancient, reduced groundwater mixes with recent oxygenated groundwater, and (ii) at the surface, where groundwater reaches the open air. Fifteen new draft genomes of Gallionellaceae representing to 11 candidate genera were recovered from the two redox transition zones. Sulfur oxidation genes were encoded in most genomes while denitrification genes were much less represented. One genus dominated microbial communities belowground and we propose to name it 'Candidatus Houarnoksidobacter'. The two transition zones were populated by completely different assemblages of Gallionellaceae despite the almost constant upward circulation of groundwater between the two zones. The processes leading to redox transition zones, oxygen diffusion at the surface or groundwater mixing in subsurface, appear to be a major driver of the Gallionellaceae diversity. © FEMS 2020.Microbial fertilizers have increasingly gained popularity as environmentally sustainable nutritional supplement for plant growth. However, the effect of these microbes on plant induced responses and the resultant effect on late-arriving herbivores is still unclear. Following insect herbivory, oxidative stress is one of the earliest responses induced in plants. Therefore, we analysed the effect of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and their combination on oxidative stress in Brassica juncea against Spodoptera litura herbivory. Six antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) were studied. Our results indicated a sporadic increase of APX and GR in PSB-supplemented plants. In contrast, VAM-supplemented plants showed an active systemic response against herbivory with an increase in all the six enzymes at 72 h. Conversely, supplementation of PSB-VAM together led to increased APX, SOD, CAT and POD enzymes, which subsided by 72 h. Thus, presence of VAM, alone or in combination with PSB, acted like a vaccination for plants against stress. However, the mode of action of PSB and VAM governed the temporal dynamics of antioxidants. Our study thus shows microbial fertilizers have prominent effects on plant immunity. © FEMS 2020.In planta, a vital regulatory complex MYB-basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-WD40 (MBW), is involved in the trichome development, synthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanin. Usually, WD40 proteins provide a scaffold for protein-protein interaction between MYB and bHLH proteins. Subgroup 9 of the R2R3 MYB transcriptional factors, which includes MYBMIXTA-Like (MML) genes, important for plant cell differentiation, however, is unable to interact with bHLH. In this study, we report that a seed trichome or lint fiber-related GhMML factor, GhMML4_D12, interact with a diverged WD40 protein (GhWDR), in a process similar but different to that of the MBW ternary complex involved in the Arabidopsis trichome development. Amino acids from 250 to 267 of GhMML4_D12 and the first and third WD40 repeat domains of GhWDR decide their interaction. GhWDR could rescue Arabidopsis ttg1 to its wild type, confirming its function in trichome development. Our findings will help the understanding of the key role of MML family and WD40 family in plants and in the improvement of cotton fiber production. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] recently discovered nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) is an important methane sink in natural ecosystems performed by NC10 phylum bacteria. However, the effect of water table gradient due to global change on n-damo bacterial communities is not well studied in peatlands. Here, we analyzed the vertical distribution (0-100 cm) of n-damo bacterial communities at three sites with different water tables (WT), Zoige peatlands in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Using n-damo bacterial specific 16S rRNA gene clone library, we obtained 25 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which could be divided into Group A, B, C, D and E (dominated by A and B). The dominant group was Group B at the high WT site (OTU14 and OTU20) and intermediate WT site (OTU7 and OTU8) and was Group A at the low WT site (OTU6 and OTU5). Using high-throughput sequencing, we observed that n-damo bacteria mainly distributed in subsurface soils (50-60 and 20-30 cm), and their relative abundances were higher at the low WT site than the other two sites. In addition, we found that pH and nitrate were positively correlated to Group A, while total organic carbon, total nitrogen and ammonia were positively associated with Group B. Our study provides new insights into our understanding the response of n-damo bacteria to WT gradient in peatlands with important implications for global change. © FEMS 2020.Echoing the repeated convergent evolution of flight and vision in large eukaryotes, propulsive swimming motility has evolved independently in microbes in each of the three domains of life. Filamentous appendages-archaella in Archaea, flagella in Bacteria, and cilia in Eukaryotes-wave, whip, or rotate to propel microbes, overcoming diffusion and enabling colonization of new environments. The implementations of the three propulsive nanomachines are distinct, however archaella and flagella rotate, while cilia beat or wave; flagella and cilia assemble at their tips, while archaella assemble at their base; archaella and cilia use ATP for motility, while flagella use ion-motive force. These underlying differences reflect the tinkering required to evolve a propulsive molecular machine, in which pre-existing machines in the appropriate contexts were iteratively co-opted for new functions, and whose origins are reflected in the resultant mechanisms. Contemporary homologies suggest that archaella evolved from a non-rotary pilus, flagella from a non-rotary appendage or secretion system, and cilia from a passive sensory structure. Here we review the structure, assembly, mechanism, and homologies of the three distinct solutions as a foundation to better understand how propulsive nanomachines evolved three times independently and to highlight principles of molecular evolution. © FEMS 2020.Protein glycosylation impacts the development and function of innate immune cells. The glyco-phenotypes and the glycan remodelling associated with the maturation of macrophages from monocytic precursor populations remain incompletely described. Herein, label-free PGC-LC-MS/MS was employed to profile with high resolution the N- and O-glycome associated with human monocyte-to-macrophage transition. Primary blood-derived CD14+-monocytes were differentiated ex vivo in the absence of strong anti- and pro-inflammatory stimuli using a conventional seven-day granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor differentiation protocol with longitudinal sampling. Morphology and protein expression monitored by light microscopy and proteomics validated the maturation process. Glycomics demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages display similar N-glycome profiles, comprising predominantly paucimannosidic (Man1-3GlcNAc2Fuc0-1, 22.1%-30.8%), oligomannosidic (Man5-9GlcNAc2, 29.8%-35.7%) and α2,3/6-sialylated complex-type N-glydate, aids our understanding of the molecular makeup pertaining to two vital innate immune cell types and forms an important reference for future glycoimmunological studies. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] European Culture Collections' Organisation presents two new model documents for Material Deposit Agreement (MDA) and Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) designed to enable microbial culture collection leaders to draft appropriate agreement documents for, respectively, deposit and supply of materials from a public collection. These tools provide guidance to collections seeking to draft an MDA and MTA, and are available in open access to be used, modified, and shared. The MDA model consists of a set of core fields typically included in a 'deposit form' to collect relevant information to facilitate assessment of the status of the material under access and benefit sharing (ABS) legislation. It also includes a set of exemplary clauses to be included in 'terms and conditions of use' for culture collection management and third parties. The MTA model addresses key issues including intellectual property rights, quality, safety, security and traceability. selleck chemicals Reference is made to other important tools such as best practices and code of conduct related to ABS issues. Besides public collections, the MDA and MTA model documents can also be useful for individual researchers and microbial laboratories that collect or receive microbial cultures, keep a working collection, and wish to share their material with others. © FEMS 2020.
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