Notes

Rationally made short cationic α-helical proteins along with frugal anticancer exercise.
By increasing the dose of extracts, the parasite number in both phases (promastigotes and amastigotes) was reduced significantly.

These results indicated satisfactory anti-leishmanial activity of
extracts against ZCL in-vitro. Accordingly,
ethanolic extracts might be considered as a strong, effective and safe herbal compound for clearing the
with less toxicity to the host macrophages cells. Hence, it may be recognized as an excellent herbal therapy for treating the ZCL.
These results indicated satisfactory anti-leishmanial activity of Artemisia extracts against ZCL in-vitro. Accordingly, Artemisia ethanolic extracts might be considered as a strong, effective and safe herbal compound for clearing the L. major with less toxicity to the host macrophages cells. Hence, it may be recognized as an excellent herbal therapy for treating the ZCL.
Multicellular parasites
larvae develop in the final host rat brain at the fourth stage (L4) and migrate to the lungs by the adult stage. The potential mechanism of its blood-brain barrier (BBB) passage remains unclear.

By using Illumina Hiseq/Miseq sequencing, we obtained the transcriptomes of 3 groups of adult males and 3 groups of female of
to generate similarly expressed genes (SEGs) between 2 genders at the adult stage. Next 2 groups of L4 expressed genes were used to compared with SEGs to create differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 2 life stages to unlock potential mechanism of BBB passage.

In total, we obtained 381 581 802 clean reads and 56 990 699 010 clean bases. Of these, 331 803 unigenes and 482 056 transcripts were successfully annotated. A total of 3 166 DEGs between L4 and adults SEGs were detected. Annotation of these DEGs showed 167 were down-regulated and 181 were up-regulated. Pathway analysis exhibited that calcium signaling pathway, the ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cysteine and methionine metabolism were highly associated with DEGs. The function of these pathways might be related to BBB traversal, as well as neuro-regulation, interactions between parasite and host, environmental adaption.

This study expanded the regulatory characteristics of the two important life stages of
. This information may provide a better appreciation of the biological features of the stages of the parasitic
.
This study expanded the regulatory characteristics of the two important life stages of A. cantonensis. This information may provide a better appreciation of the biological features of the stages of the parasitic A. cantonensis.
Leishmaniasis is characterized by strong inflammatory responses with high levels of inflammatory cytokines that induce microRNA 21 and matrix metalloproteinases. Melittin has inhibitory effects on proliferation of various cells via induction of apoptosis. Melittin can be integrated in cell membranes and induce apoptosis. Thus, designation of biomolecules for the selective destroy of the infected cells is a treatment option. One approach is the precise engineering of constructs for the selective expression of melittin in the infected cells.

For this aim we designed a construct composing melittin nucleotide sequence and nucleotide sequence coding for polyanionic peptide function inhibitory element to further guarantee the selective function of melittin in inflamed tissues and infected cells, were included in a construct as melittin inhibitor via matrix metalloproteinase degradable linker.

Reverse complementary sequences were designed so melittin sequences for the selective targeting of
could be expressed in infected cells using cell microRNA machinery.

Translation machinery in infected cells with increased miR-21 could translate melittin, MMP linker and polyanionic inhibitor through a non-canonical pathway. Then, the MMP linker is degraded and selective killing of
infected cells would happen.
Translation machinery in infected cells with increased miR-21 could translate melittin, MMP linker and polyanionic inhibitor through a non-canonical pathway. Then, the MMP linker is degraded and selective killing of Leishmania infected cells would happen.
Dogs play an important role in transmission of parasites and zoonotic diseases, especially in developing countries. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of internal parasites in stray and pet dogs in Palestine.

Fecal samples were collected during the period between Jan to May 2019. A total of 150 fecal samples were collected and tested for parasites using sedimentation and flotation techniques. The targeted dogs were both pet dogs and stray dogs and were grouped according to gender and age.

Although there was no significant difference in infestation between males and females, the prevalence rate of infestation in males was 63.1% compared to females 72.4%. Dogs of ages under one year had similar rate of infestation compared to older dogs with a rate of 67.3% and 67.4% respectively. Infestations were significantly higher (
<0.05) in stray dogs 81.4% compared to pet dogs 48.4%. The highest infestation rate was with
46.0% followed
23.0%,
spp
14.0% ,
9.0%,
8.0%,
spp. see more 5.0%
spp
4.0%,
3.0%
and
spp. 3.0%.

Local dogs in Palestine, especially stray dogs, are infested with different types of intestinal parasites that may cause many common and non-common diseases to humans. To prevent the spread of these parasites, future public health should be proposed and applied by authorities to achieve a healthy status of the residents in the country. Health awareness spread among people about the seriousness of the diseases transmitted by dogs must also be activated.
Local dogs in Palestine, especially stray dogs, are infested with different types of intestinal parasites that may cause many common and non-common diseases to humans. To prevent the spread of these parasites, future public health should be proposed and applied by authorities to achieve a healthy status of the residents in the country. Health awareness spread among people about the seriousness of the diseases transmitted by dogs must also be activated.
is an obligate intracellular parasite that migrates through macrophages or dendritic cells to neurons and nerve cells. Glia Maturation Factor (GMF) is a pre-inflammatory protein that is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS).
expression is related to
and
and
in some neurodegenerative diseases. According to the importance of
in neurodegenerative diseases and its association with
,
and
genes, this study was designed to determine the level of expression of these genes in the brains of mice with acute toxoplasmosis.

Tachyzoites of
RH strains were injected to 5 Swiss Albino mice. At the same time, healthy mice were inoculated with the Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Their brains were removed and kept at -70 °C in order to RNA extraction, cDNA syntheses and Real Time PCR performance. The level of gene expression was investigated with SYBR Green Quantitative Real-Time PCR.

gene expression increased significantly (
=0.003) 3.26 fold in
infected mice in comparison to the control.
gene expression was associated with increased expression level of
,
, and
genes.

Considering the prominent role of
in CNS as well as the immune system, the elevation of
,
,
and
genes expression in the early stage of toxoplasmosis is associated with the occurrence of
alterations. Detection of these genes as an indication of brain damage in the early stages of
infection can prevent neurodegenerative disorders following acquired toxoplasmosis.
Considering the prominent role of GMFβ in CNS as well as the immune system, the elevation of GMFβ, IL33, CCL2 and SDF1 genes expression in the early stage of toxoplasmosis is associated with the occurrence of neuropathological alterations. Detection of these genes as an indication of brain damage in the early stages of Toxoplasma infection can prevent neurodegenerative disorders following acquired toxoplasmosis.
Stray cats are considered an important source of various human and animal diseases, particularly diseases of parasitic helminths. We aimed to investigate the distribution of zoonotic species of gastrointestinal helminths in stray cats in Meshkin-Shahr district in Ardabil Province in the northwest of Iran.

The gastrointestinal tract of 104 stray cats from villages of Meshkin-Shahr district were provided during 2014-2015. Each gastrointestinal tract was cut into distinct sections, including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and each section was examined separately for detection of helminths. Helminths were collected and then identified at the species level after clearing and staining.

Overall, 88 out of 104 cats (84.6%) were found to be infected with at least one gastrointestinal helminth. The rate of infection for each species was as follows
(syn.
) (49%),
(44.2%),
(32.7%),
(23.1%),
(4.8%), and
(4.8%). Among these parasites, only
was collected from the stomach, all other helminths were collected from the small intestine.

The results demonstrate a high infection rate of stray cats with zoonotic helminths. The presence of zoonotic species in stray cats, particularly
has public health importance.
The results demonstrate a high infection rate of stray cats with zoonotic helminths. The presence of zoonotic species in stray cats, particularly T. mystax, has public health importance.
is a protozoan pathogen of the human genitourinary tract, which is the cause of trichomoniasis. The disease is one of the most important non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the world. Many studies have been performed on the molecular identification of
in men in different parts of the world, but in Iran, such a study has been very limited. We aimed to detect
in urine of men with unusual sexual behavior by wet mount microscopic observation, culturing in TYM-33 and molecular method in Tehran, Iran.

Totally, 47 urine samples were collected from men with high-risk sexual behaviors referred to Health Care Centers in South of Tehran, Iran during 2017-2018. After urine centrifugation and wet mount sediment preparation, the samples were cultured in TYM-33 medium and examined microscopically. Then DNA was extracted from urine sediment samples and finally the 18srRNA gene was amplified by PCR.

Thirty-one (65.95%) urine samples were positive for
by PCR. Of these, only 6 (12.76%) were detected positive by wet mount method and 25 (53.19%) by culture and successive passages.

The high prevalence of trichomoniasis among men with high-risk sexual behavior in Tehran indicates a potent health risk condition for families. Of course, this percentage is not the real infection rate in ordinary men in Tehran. This situation could be controlled by promoting concurrent diagnosis and treatment of
infection in men and women, as well as strengthening religious beliefs and health education in the individuals.
The high prevalence of trichomoniasis among men with high-risk sexual behavior in Tehran indicates a potent health risk condition for families. Of course, this percentage is not the real infection rate in ordinary men in Tehran. This situation could be controlled by promoting concurrent diagnosis and treatment of T. vaginalis infection in men and women, as well as strengthening religious beliefs and health education in the individuals.
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