Notes

Strategies for Multiplexed Biosensor Imaging to Study Intra-cellular Signaling Networks.
With associated nucleus drop, 85% of surgeons preferred to refer the patient to a VR surgeon and left the eye aphakic. Multivariable logistic regression showed that VR surgeons were more than six times likely to prefer a scleral fixated intraocular lens (SFIOLs) [odds ratio (OR) = 6.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.4-12.5, P < 0.001] and surgeons with >10 years of experience were also twice more likely to prefer an SFIOL (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.2-4.9, P = 0.02).

The choice of IOL in absence of capsular support in adult eyes differs between AS and VR surgeons and is also influenced by the surgeon's experience.
The choice of IOL in absence of capsular support in adult eyes differs between AS and VR surgeons and is also influenced by the surgeon's experience.
To compare the axial length (AL) obtained by A-scan biometry (PAC SCAN 300AP; Sonomed Escalon, USA) and LENSTAR-LS 900 (Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland) in silicone oil (SiO)-filled eyes.

AL measurements were taken in 50 SiO-filled eyes using A-scan and LENSTAR-LS 900 before SiO removal and 1 month following SiO removal. In the subset of patients requiring intraocular lens (IOL) insertion, the predicted refraction and the refraction obtained were compared. this website IOL power in these patients was calculated using SRK-T formula and the AL obtained by LENSTAR.

In SiO-filled eyes, a significant difference was noted between the AL values obtained using the two methods (P = 0.0002). No significant difference was noted after SiO removal (P = 0.634). In the subset of patients needing IOL insertion, no significant difference (P = 0.07) was seen between target refractive error and postoperative refractive error (mean deviation from the target being 0.176 diopter). AL of an SiO-filled eye is more accurately measured using optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR)-based biometry (LENSTAR) than with conventional acoustic biometry (A-scan).

We conclude that LENSTAR gives more accurate biometry in an SiO-filled eye. The AL obtained after SiO removal was comparable and showed no significant difference.
We conclude that LENSTAR gives more accurate biometry in an SiO-filled eye. The AL obtained after SiO removal was comparable and showed no significant difference.
To evaluate the repeatability of biometry and intraocular lens (IOL) power using Galilei G6 and to determine the agreement of its measurements with those of IOL Master 700 and IOL Master 500.

Hundred mature cataract eyes were examined twice with Galilei G6 and the results were compared with those of other two devices. Axial length (AL), minimum (K1), maximum (K2), and mean keratometry, anterior chamber depth (ACD), white-to-white (WTW) diameter, lens thickness (LT), and the calculated IOL power were the studied parameters. The correlation coefficient, within-subject standard deviation (Sw), Bland-Altman method, and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were used for statistical analysis.

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was above 0.9 for all indices, and the LoA ranged from a minimum of 0.08 mm for AL to a maximum of 0.50 D for K1. Sw also ranged between a minimum of 0.02 for AL, ACD, and WTW and a maximum of 0.13 for K1. In the Galilei G6-IOL Master 700 pair, the narrowest and widest LoA were calculated for AL (0.07 mm) and K2 (0.49 D), respectively. In the Galilei G6-IOL Master 500 pair, the narrowest and widest widths of LoA were calculated for AL (0.17 mm) and K2 (0.92 D), respectively. In the first pair, the LoA of IOL power (0.57 D) were the best for Haigis formula and in the second pair, the best agreement (LoA 0.35 D) was observed for Holladay-1.

Galilei G6 provided repeatable biometric measurements. The agreement between biometry and IOL power calculation was better in the Galilei G6-IOL Master 700 pair compared to the Galilei G6-IOL Master 500.
Galilei G6 provided repeatable biometric measurements. The agreement between biometry and IOL power calculation was better in the Galilei G6-IOL Master 700 pair compared to the Galilei G6-IOL Master 500.Adjunctive treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis with intravitreal steroids is a topic of controversy among many ophthalmologists. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of intravitreal dexamethasone on the visual outcomes of patients with acute bacterial endophthalmitis through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to include studies on the visual outcomes of adjuvant intravitreal dexamethasone in patients with acute bacterial endophthalmitis. The review is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. A total of 1545 articles met our search criteria and after further review, two randomized controlled trials and three retrospective case series were included in the final analysis. A total of 126 eyes were treated with intravitreal dexamethasone combined with antibiotics, and another 139 eyes were treated with antibiotics alone. All cases of endophthalmitis were post-operative or post-intravitreal injection, with pooled results demonstrating no visual benefit with supplementation of intravitreal dexamethasone. Our meta-analysis does not show any visual benefit from steroid supplementation and yet, considering a relatively small number of patients included in each study, larger randomized controlled trials are required to further clarify the role of steroids in the treatment of acute bacterial endophthalmitis.Blindness due to primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) can be reduced significantly if the ongoing angle-closure process is arrested at an early stage. Various treatments such as laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), iridoplasty, and clear lens extraction (CLE) have been advocated as first-line therapy for primary angle-closure (PAC), PACG, and high-risk cases of primary angle-closure suspect (PACS). EAGLE study, propagated the effectiveness of CLE over LPI for the management of primary angle closure and have sparked controversy regarding the role of LPI as a first line procedure. Randomized controlled trials (RCT), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses of RCTs done on the same question provide us with a solid base for creating guidelines/modules for our day-to-day clinical practice. A systematic review was conducted, searching several databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov, for the last 16 years (January 2005-December 2021) for RCTs with data published related to primary angle-closure disease (PACD). The search strategy included the following terms "Primary Angle Closure disease," "Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma," "Primary Angle Closure," "Primary Angle Closure Suspect," "clear lens extraction," "laser iridotomy," "laser peripheral iridotomy," "argon laser peripheral iridoplasty," "selective laser trabeculoplasty," "trabeculectomy," "randomized control trial," and "meta-analysis of randomized control trial." In this review, we will discuss recently published RCTs (within the last 16 years) for the management of PACD and their clinical implications in day-to-day practice.The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize and compare the available evidence on the level of vitamin D and antioxidant trace elements between the keratoconus (KC) patients and healthy controls. Seven case-control studies with 830 subjects were found eligible with a systematic search using PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and EMBASE till November 21, 2021. Data were synthesized with a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects method of meta-analysis. The mean serum vitamin D level was significantly lower in the patients with KC [standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.71; P less then 0.001] as compared with the control group. The mean serum vitamin D level decreased more in the progressive patients (SMD -0.80; P = 0.016) than in the stable patients (SMD -0.66; P less then 0.001) when compared with the control group. The mean serum zinc level was found significantly lower in the patients with KC compared with the control group (SMD -1.98; P = 0.005). Pooled analysis based on the two studies showed significantly lower mean selenium levels in the KC patients (SMD -0.34; P = 0.003). Regular evaluation of serum vitamin D, zinc, and selenium levels among the patients with KC at disease onset and future follow-ups could be promising in predicting the progressive disease and disease severity.Myopia or short-sightedness is an emerging pandemic affecting more than 50% population in South-Asian countries. It is associated with several sight-threatening complications, such as retinal detachment and choroidal neovascularization, leading to an increased burden of visual impairment and blindness. The pathophysiology of myopia involves a complex interplay of numerous environmental and genetic factors leading to progressive axial elongation. Environmental factors such as decreased outdoor activity, reduced exposure to ambient light, strenuous near work, and role of family history of myopia have been implicated with increased prevalence of this refractive error. While multiple clinical trials have been undertaken to devise appropriate treatment strategies and target the modifiable risk factors, there is no single treatment modality with ideal results; therefore, formulating a comprehensive approach is required to control the myopia epidemic. This review article summarizes the epidemiology, dynamic concepts of pathophysiology, and evolution of the treatment modalities for myopia such as pharmacological (atropine and other agents) and optical methods (spectacles, contact lenses, and orthokeratology).Myopia is a widespread and complex refractive error in which a person's ability to see distant objects clearly is impaired. Its prevalence rate is increasing worldwide, and as per WHO, it is projected to increase from 22% in 2000 to 52% by 2050. It is more prevalent in developed, industrial areas and affects individuals of all ages. There are a number of treatments available for the control of myopia, such as glasses, contact lenses, laser surgery, and pharmaceuticals agents. However, these treatments are less beneficial and have significant side effects. A novel molecule, 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), has been found to be a highly beneficial alternate in the treatment of myopia and excessive eye elongation. Many preclinical and clinical studies showed that 7-MX is effective for the treatment of myopia and is presently under phase II of clinical investigation. We have also investigated preclinical toxicity studies such as acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic, and chronic on rats. In these studies, 7-MX was found to be non-toxic as compared to other reported anti-myopic agents. Moreover, as an ideal drug, 7-MX is observed to have no or low toxicity, brain permeability, non-allergic, higher oral administration efficacy, and low treatment costs and thus qualifies for the long-term treatment of myopia. This review article on 7-MX as an alternative to myopia treatment will highlight recent findings from well-designed preclinical and clinical trials and propose a potential future therapy.Clonality assays based on antigen receptors are used as adjunct examinations in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases. We investigated the usefulness of the T-cell receptor beta (TRB) and T-cell receptor delta (TRD) loci in clonality assays for high-grade gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma in dogs. For TRB, we used primers reported previously; for TRD, we designed primers for each of the V and J genes based on genomic sequences. Genomic DNA was extracted from 39 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of high-grade GI lymphoma diagnosed histologically. The sensitivity of TRB and TRD primers for GI lymphoma was 41.0% and 38.5%, respectively, which was lower than the 82.1% sensitivity of T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) primers However, some cases that could not be detected using TRG primers had clonality with either TRB or TRD primers. We found the TRG locus to be more suitable as a first choice for the assay of canine lymphoma clonality than the TRB and TRD loci. However, the detection rate of T-cell clonality may be enhanced using TRB and TRD primers for lymphoma cases not detected using TRG primers.
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