Notes

Portrayal of the Chemical substance Heterozygous SLC2A9 Mutation That Causes Hypouricemia.
Early childhood is a critical period for social-emotional development; during this period, the child's immediate family is the system with the greatest influence on his or her development. The parents' capacity to reflect on the children's ability to process and interact within a social environment, called parental reflective functioning (RF), is considered an important factor in protecting children from highly prevalent social-emotional difficulties and may have a strong influence on children's long-term development. OBJECTIVE To describe and analyze the relationships among parents' RF, the quality of the mother-father-child triadic interaction, and children's social-emotional difficulties. METHOD A nonexperimental, cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted. Fifty mother-father-child triads, each in a current relationship that included at least one child aged 12-36 months, were evaluated. Sociodemographic background, triadic interaction, parental RF, and social-emotional difficulties were assessed. RESULTS Triadic interaction was found to have a significant effect on the child's social-emotional difficulties, explaining 9% of the variance. In addition, the mothers' RF had a significant influence on triadic interaction, explaining 19% of the variance. An exploratory finding showed that triadic interaction mediates the relationship between mothers' RF and children's social-emotional difficulties. © 2020 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.Tau hyperphosphorylation is an early step in tau-mediated neurodegeneration and is associated with intracellular aggregation of tau as neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal and synaptic loss, and eventual cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Sleep loss increases the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of amyloid-β and tau. Using mass spectrometry, we measured tau and phosphorylated tau concentrations in serial samples of cerebrospinal fluid collected from participants who were sleep-deprived, treated with sodium oxybate, or allowed to sleep normally. We found that sleep loss affected phosphorylated tau differently depending on the modified site. These findings suggest a mechanism for sleep loss to increase risk of Alzheimer disease. ANN NEUROL 2020. © 2020 American Neurological Association.In a sustainable production of animals, monitoring and minimizing mortality must be a top priority. Systematic measuring of mortality over time can be used to evaluate the impact of changes in management and production strategies in Norway. To aid understanding of the potential for reducing mortality, we have used data from 2014 to 2018 to investigate the spatio-temporal patterns of mortality, by descriptive analyses and statistical modelling of possible determinants of mortality. The results show large differences in mortality across different production zones and between years. The areas with the highest density of farmed salmon are also the ones with highest mortality. The total cumulated mortality of farmed salmon increased from 32.3 million in 2014 to 35.2 million in 2018, corresponding to 14.3% and 15.8% of the standing stock. An initial higher mortality was observed during the first 3 months after stocking (mean 1.5% [0.9%-8.6%] mortality/month). This was followed by a period of stability and lower mortality (mean 0.8% [0.9%-3.1%] mortality/month), until month 10, when mortality started to increase again. The month of first stocking, the year of slaughter, production zone and number of months at sea were all found to be statistically significant determinants for mortality, with p-values less then 1e-15. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Fish Diseases published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.The bicaudal D cargo adaptor 2 (BICD2) gene encodes a conserved cargo adapter protein required for dynein-mediated transport. Inherited and de novo variants in BICD2 cause spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity dominant 2 (SMALED2), and a subset have recently been reported to cause severe, often lethal disease. However, a true genotype-phenotype correlation for BICD2 has not been performed, and cases described to date are scattered among at least 14 publications. In this review, we identify the characteristics of disease-causing variants in BICD2 that distinguish them from benign variation, and perform genotype-phenotype correlations for 99 BICD2 variant carriers from 35 families. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Substance use may influence mothers' responsiveness to their infants and negatively impact the parent-infant relationship. Maternal substance use may co-opt neural circuitry involved in caregiving, thus reducing the salience of infant cues and diminishing the sense of reward experienced by caring for infants. Gaps in understanding exist with regard to the mechanisms by which substance use operates to influence mothers' processing of infant cues and how this translates to caregiving. Therefore, we examined how substance use might relate to maternal neural responses to infant cues using event-related potentials (ERPs). Substance-using (n = 29) and nonsubstance-using (n = 29) mothers viewed photographs of infant faces and heard recordings of infant vocalizations while electroencephalography was recorded simultaneously. Three specific ERP components were used to examine initial processing of infant faces (N170) and cries (N100), and attentional allocation to infant faces and cries (P300). Substance-using mothers did not discriminate facial affect at early encoding stages (N170), were generally slower to orient to infant cries (N100), showed heightened responses to neutral faces (P300), and failed to adaptively differentiate between high-distress versus low-distress cries (P300). These differences may be important to caregiving behaviors associated with the formation of mother-child attachment. Implications are discussed, as are limitations and future directions. © 2020 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic risk factor for internalizing disorders. Prior work has found that IU may be associated with either increased reactivity to threat or, alternatively, with decreased differential responding between threat and nonthreat/safety cues (i.e., threat generalization). For example, work by Morriss, Macdonald, & van Reekum (2016) found that higher IU was associated with increased threat generalization during acquisition (using skin conductance response (SCR)), as well as less differentiation between acquisition and extinction (using subjective uneasiness ratings). Here, three labs attempted direct and conceptual replications of Morriss, Macdonald, et al. (2016). Oprozomib Results showed that the direct replication failed, despite being conducted at the same lab site as the original study; moreover, in contrast to Morriss, Macdonald, et al. (2016), the direct replication found that higher IU was associated with greater SCR discrimination between threat and safety cues (across acquisition and extinction), as well as greater differences in uneasiness ratings between acquisition and extinction.
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