Notes

The origin as well as impeded distribution with the Genetic make-up phosphorothioation technique throughout prokaryotes.
The present work evaluated the surveillance of the drinking water quality information system database and correlated the findings of the microbiological analysis with the distribution of intestinal protozoa from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. From the database, we obtained 1,654 georeferenced monitoring stations that were used in the analysis. The results indicate that the minimum number of samples collected per parameter (free residual chlorine, turbidity, counts of total and fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli)) was not fulfilled, the collection of samples throughout the year was irregular and the representability of sampling points considered strategic was low (48% of municipalities). Besides, municipalities with a high prevalence for intestinal parasite protozoa were also the ones that had the highest counts for coliforms and the reverse can also be observed, indicating a transmission through contaminated drinking water. Despite the increased participation of municipalities in water surveillance actions during the studied period, it is necessary to implement managerial measures to improve the system, aiming to correct flaws and inconsistencies in the application of the water quality monitoring protocol.Water from underground intakes is the main source of potable water for people in Poland, hence the protection of its resources is of great importance for the functioning of society and the economy. A new regulation in Polish Water Law imposes the obligation of performing risk analysis for water intakes, including the assessment of health hazards, factors negatively affecting water quality which are identified on the basis of hydrogeological and geological analyses. The main objective of the study was to determine the health risk for chlorides and to present an innovative approach to the health risk for non-toxic substances. In Upper Silesia, which is the most industrialized and urbanized area in Poland, old mining shafts are often used as deep wells in the water supply chain, and higher mineralization is the key feature of abstracted water which does not quite eliminate them as a source of drinking water supply. This paper proposes a new method of health risk determination as hazard index (HI). We present analysis of the health risks with increased concentration of chlorides in water which cause health effects for water consumers, especially for men, children aged 4-8, pregnant women and women during lactation.Free-living amoebae (FLA) thrive in diverse environmental conditions. The present study aimed to define the FLA distribution from the Caspian Sea as well as from hospital ward dust from Guilan, Iran. Seawater (20) and hospital ward dust samples (100) were collected from May to June 2018. Seawater samples were vacuum filtered through a 0.45 μm pore-size membrane. Dust was collected using sterile gauze, washed with sterile distilled water, with washings collected thereafter. Washings were similarly filtered as seawater samples. FLA from the filtered material was cultivated in non-nutrient agar. Molecular analysis was performed by PCR and sequencing using specific primers for Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vermamoeba/Hartmanella. Culture and PCR returned 50 and 65% positivity, respectively, for seawater samples where sequencing revealed Acanthamoeba T2, T5 and T6 genotypes and A. palestinensis and A. lenticulata, as well as N. dobsoni and N. clarki. In addition, 30% amoebic growth and 16% PCR detection were observed from hospital ward dust samples where sequencing revealed Acanthamoeba T2, T4 and T11 genotypes and A. castellanii, A. palestinensis and A. stevensoni as well as N. clarki. For both seawater and dust samples, Acanthamoeba was the dominant isolate. The detection of potentially pathogenic FLA from seawater may pose a threat to the public, while the presence of the same in dust spells threats to both hospital staff and patients, in particular, immunocompromised individuals. Public education, awareness, improved sanitation and hygiene, and the crafting of diagnostic strategies for the early detection of FLA in humans are necessary for the mitigation and management of potential human infection cases.The human gut harbors trillions of microbes, which are extremely important to the health of the host. However, the effect of drinking water on gut microbiota has been poorly understood. In this study, we explored the response of BALB/c mice gut bacterial community (feces) to the different types of drinking water, including commercial bottled mineral water (MW), natural water (NW), purified water (PW) and tap water (TW). Feces were cultured with brain heart infusion broth dissolved in four types of drinking water. 16S rRNA gene analysis was performed. Our results reveal that the microbiota composition is different among culturing with four types of drinking water. As the culture time increases, the number of OTUs significantly decreased, except under the aerobic condition of MW. Under aerobic conditions on the 5th day, the considerable differences of alpha diversity index are found between MW and three others, and these are the most unique taxa in the MW group. Importantly, the LEfSe analysis discovers that the Bacteroidetes taxa dominate the differences between MW and the other water types. Our findings demonstrate that the mineral water as a culture medium may lead to a progressive increase of the gut microbiota diversity by providing the growth convenience to Bacteroidetes.This paper presents a hybrid model for predicting oyster norovirus outbreaks by combining the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods and using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite remote-sensing data. Specifically, 10 years (2007-2016) of cloud-free MODIS Aqua data for water leaving reflectance and environmental data were extracted from the center of each oyster harvest area. Then, the PCA was utilized to compress the size of the MODIS Aqua data. An ANN model was trained using the first 4 years of the data from 2007 to 2010 and validated using the additional 6 years of independent datasets collected from 2011 to 2016. Results indicated that the hybrid PCA-ANN model was capable of reproducing the 10 years of historical oyster norovirus outbreaks along the Northern Gulf of Mexico coast with a sensitivity of 72.7% and specificity of 99.9%, respectively, demonstrating the efficacy of the hybrid model.Bacterial pneumonia caused by the inhalation of aerosols contaminated with Legionella spp. is also known as Legionnaires' disease. In this study, we report a case of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila sg.1 in a 58-year-old man who visited a sea water-filled whirlpool within a hotel and spa complex. The patient's Legionella urine antigen test was positive for L. pneumophila sg.1. During the field study, samples were taken from both the outdoor and indoor sea water-filled pools. Samples from the whirlpool were culture positive for L. pneumophila sg.1. Typing results indicated sea water isolate belonged to Sequence type ST82 and Allentown/France MAb subgroup. In vitro experiments showed that L. pneumophila strains are able to survive within sea water up to 7 days, and survival time is prolonged with sea water dilution. Also, our results indicate that L. pneumophila Allentown strain was the most resistant to adverse conditions in sea water with the highest values of DT50 (420 min) and DT90 (1,396 min). The possible source of infection was adding potable water for filling up the whirlpool. The survival of the L. pneumophila in additionally conditioned sea water should be considered in a further study.Epikarst springs are commonly used for drinking water in karst mountainous areas, but they tend to bring health risks to residents because of their vulnerability. In this work, a modified slow sand filtration system (M-SSF) was established as a case study to purify and conserve the epikarst spring water. The outcomes indicate that the purification of M-SSF relies mainly on the adsorption and ion exchange of the filter medium (mixtures of heat-treated red clay and crushed limestone, MHRCCL) during the schmutzdecke juvenility, and on the schmutzdecke-formed food chain of pollutants → bacteria → protozoa after the schmutzdecke maturity. The closed water cellar lined with ceramic tiles could reduce the deterioration of epikarst spring water during storage. Via 16S rRNA sequencing, it was found that the high abundance of TM6_Dependentiae in purified epikarst spring water (PESW) suggested that the M-SSF system relies on the formation of a closed food chain to achieve effective water purification. The decrease of Pseudarcicella abundance in PESW indicated that M-SSF could effectively prevent the water quality from external influences represented by leeches. Besides, the 16S function prediction was used to qualitatively characterize microbial nitrogen metabolism, as well as organic matter degradation in water purification.Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains have been commonly found in hospitals and communities causing wide ranges of infections among humans and animals. Typing of these strains is a key factor to reveal their clonal dissemination in different regions. We investigated the prevalence and dissemination of different clonal groups of S. aureus with resistance phenotype to multiple antibiotics in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Tehran, Iran over four sampling occasions. A total of 576 S. aureus were isolated from the inlet, sludge and outlet. Of these, 80 were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were further characterized using a combination of Phene Plate (PhP) typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), ccr types, prophage and antibiotic-resistant profiling. In all, eight common type (CT) and 13 single PhP type were identified in both STPs, with one major CT accounting for 38.8% of the MRSA strains. These strains belonged to three prophage patterns and five prophage types with SCCmec type III being the predominant type. Resistance to 11 out of the 17 antibiotics tested was significantly (P less then 0.0059) higher among the MRSA isolates than methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains. The persistence of the strains in samples collected from the outlet of both STPs was 31.9% for MRSA and 23.1% for MSSA. These data indicated that while the sewage treatment process, in general, is still useful for removing most MRSA populations, some strains with SCCmec type III may have a better ability to survive the STP process.The rationale for this study was to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological qualities of the Vea irrigation water and resultant effects on the quality of fresh vegetables produced in the area and associated implications for consumers' health. A total of 45 water samples were collected from the reservoir and canals. this website Also, 16 vegetable samples comprising four samples each of tomatoes, carrots, spring onions, and cabbages were collected from four farms with installed irrigation systems fed by the Vea Dam. The irrigation water samples were analyzed for total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC), Escherichia coli, pH, and turbidity, while the samples of vegetables were analyzed for TC and FC, and E. coli. The results showed that except for pH, the bacterial loads and turbidity of the sampled vegetables and irrigation water were above the standards of the WHO and the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food. Comparatively, the samples of cabbage recorded the highest levels of microbial contamination.
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