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In this study, we determined the mechanisms and kinetics of the degradations of ibuprofen (IBP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and identified the active species contributions in ferrous ion (Fe(II))/free chlorine (FC) system. Reactive chlorine species (RCS) were the major contributor to the degradations of IBP (73.0%) and SMX (59.3%), respectively, at pH 3. Due to the low reaction rates between Fe(IV) and target pollutants (kFe(IV), IBP = (1.5 ± 0.03) × 103 M-1 s-1 and kFe(IV), SMX = (4.8 ± 0.2) × 103 M-1 s-1) and the low [Fe(IV)]ss ((5.0 ± 0.6) × 10-8 M), Fe(IV) was not the main contributor and only contributed 0.17% and 0.86% to the degradation of IBP and SMX, respectively, at pH 3. The degradations of pharmaceuticals were facilitated by acidic conditions. Chloride (Cl-) accelerated the degradation of SMX and had a weak effect on the degradation of IBP. Natural organic matter limited the degradation of IBP and SMX. Overall, we demonstrated that multiple active oxidants (Fe(IV) and RCS) are produced by Fe(II)/FC and elucidated the mechanism of active oxidants degradation of pollutants.The nitrogen (N) cascade in rural areas of Changshu County should be measured and evaluated due to the large increase in anthropogenic disturbances in China's Yangtze Delta. Here, we developed a village-scale N flow model using Changshu County and its towns as a case study. The model included four subsystems and was used to describe the driving forces behind the N cascade from agricultural food production and household consumption to the environment (agriculture-food-environment) system. It was found that from 1998 to 2018 the N input increased from 274.63 to 848.65 kg N ha-1. The cropland N use efficiency (NUEc) decreased by 10.35%, whereas the livestock feed N use efficiency (NUEa) increased by 51.84%. A relatively lower NUE, with a higher N input, was found in Shajiabang Town, which was attributed to hairy crab farming. Changes in dietary patterns led to the food N cost (FNC) being in the range of 4.59-7.74 kg kg-1. Over the past two decades, the N losses from the agriculture-food-environment system decrean anthropogenic disturbances, stimulating the N cascade in the Yangtze Delta from 1998 to 2018.Previous research has revealed the ecological importance of viruses in different ecosystems. However, bacteriophage-host distribution patterns in soil depth profiles have not been investigated. Environmental factors such as nutrient availability and physiological stress can impact the mode (either lytic or lysogenic) of viral reproduction and subsequent influence of virus infection on ecological processes. Soil depth profiles with distinct geochemical properties are ideal models to investigate the virus-host relationships as a function of environmental trophic status and cell abundance. Batch enrichment experiments using soil collected at varying depths (0-140 cm) as inoculum were performed to explore the interactions between viruses and co-occurring microbial hosts under nutrient stimulation. Both viral and bacterial abundance increased in the nutrient media compared with those in the original soils. Bacterial abundance was similar in mixed-cultures of soils regardless of sampling depth, whereas viral abunda host community has long adapted to, and other factors such as stress, host diversity or adaptation may be necessary to trigger community-level shifts in the interactions between viruses and hosts that responded most favorably to nutrient addition.The concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic ecosystems has manifold direct and indirect consequences for primary and secondary production. Theoretical approaches suggest a negative effect of DOM on phytoplankton and a positive effect on bacteria, both of which alter the development of metazooplankton, the main consumer of bacteria and phytoplankton. However, experimental observations give heterogeneous results on the effect sizes of plankton in relation to DOM addition. Here, the synthesis of 411 effect sizes of plankton in response to DOM is presented from 59 studies. The referenced studies display effect sizes in relation to various DOM sources and different experimental designs. Thus, the hypothesis that neither DOM quality nor the type of experiment bias the effect size response of plankton was tested; the hypothesis was tested separately for bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and metazooplankton with the use of a meta-analytical approach. DOM quality was represented by the five different sources of DOM that are used most often in these experiments, i.e., natural water, bog leachate, glucose/sucrose, terrestrial plant leachate, and soil leachate. The experiment types comprised in situ experiments, i.e., experiments taking place under manipulated conditions in a natural ecosystem, and ex situ experiments, i.e., those taking place outside of a natural ecosystem. The meta-analyses showed that, although total DOM had a positive influence on the effect size of bacterioplankton and an insignificant influence on metazooplankton, the effect sizes differed significantly in relation to DOM source and the type of experiment. The effect size of phytoplankton, although not significantly related with total DOM, differed in response to DOM source but not experiment type. The results suggest that experimental conditions may produce artifacts in the strength of responses of aquatic biota to DOM concentrations.PAHs and their derivatives are the main sources of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in airborne particular matter and cause serious public health and environmental problems. Risk assessment is challenging due to the mixed nature and deficiency of toxicity data of most PAHs and their derivatives. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play important roles in PAH-induced carcinogenicity via metabolic activation, and CYP conformations with compound I structures strongly influence metabolic sites and metabolite species. In this study, complexes of BaP with CYP1A1, CYP1B1 or CYP2C19 compound I were successfully simulated by QM/MM methods and verified by metabolic clearance, and the mutagenicity of chemicals was then predicted by the BaP-7,8-epoxide-related metabolic conformation fitness (MCF) approach, which was validated by Ames tests, showing satisfying accuracy (R2 = 0.46-0.66). selleck compound Furthermore, a prediction model of the mutagenicity risk of PAH and derivative mixtures was established based on the relative potential factor (RPF) approach and the RPF calculated from the mathematical relationship between the minimum MCF (MCFmin) and RPF, which was successfully validated by the mutagenesis of PAH and derivative mixture mimic-simulating PM2.5 samples collected in eastern China. This study provides fast reliable tools for assessing risk of the complex components of environmental PAHs and their derivatives.N2O emission from paddy soil is a potential environmental risk, especially when the soil moisture content of paddy soil changes and excessive nitrogen retention occurs. Biochar is known to have a positive effect on reducing N2O emissions. However, the influence of different types of biochar on N2O emission with varying soil moisture contents is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biochar made from different feedstocks and at different pyrolysis temperatures on the release of N2O during drying process of paddy soil. An incubation experiment with four kinds of biochar (rice straw and rice husk biochar pyrolyzed at 400 °C and 700 °C, respectively) applied at 1% (w/w) was conducted on paddy soil with the same initial moisture content (105% water-filled pore space). The emission rate of N2O, concentrations of ammonium and nitrate, and the abundance of N2O related microbial functional genes (narG and nosZ) were monitored throughout the incubation period. Biochar amendments reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 56.8-90.1% compared to the control. Low-temperature rice straw biochar decreased nosZ gene abundance, downregulated the denitrification pathway, and reduced nitrogen loss and N2O emission. The low-temperature pyrolysis rice husk biochar and the control showed similar trends in narG and nosZ gene abundance and N2O emission. The high-temperature pyrolysis of rice straw and rice husk biochar showed opposite trends in narG gene abundance, but both increased nosZ gene abundance at the later incubation period. Different feedback on denitrification-derived N2O emission in biochar application was revealed in this study by establishing a link between biotic and abiotic factors, showing that caution should be exercised when considering the use of biochar to mitigate N2O emission under drying soil conditions.In this work, a pH-responsive pesticide delivery system using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as the porous carriers and coordination complexes of Cu ions and tannic acid (TA-Cu) as the capping agent was established for controlling pyraclostrobin (PYR) release. The results showed the loading capacity of PYR@MSNs-TA-Cu nanoparticles for pyraclostrobin was 15.7 ± 0.5% and the TA-Cu complexes deposited on the MSNs surface could protect pyraclostrobin against photodegradation effectively. The nanoparticles had excellent pH responsive release performance due to the decomposition of TA-Cu complexes under the acid condition, which showed 8.53 ± 0.37%, 82.38 ± 1.67% of the encapsulated pyraclostrobin were released at pH 7.4, pH 4.5 after 7 d respectively. The contact angle and adhesion work of PYR@MSNs-TA-Cu nanoparticles on rice foliage were 86.3° ± 2.7° and 75.8 ± 3.1 mJ/m2 after 360 s respectively, indicating that TA on the surface of the nanoparticles could improve deposition efficiency and adhesion ability on crop foliage. The control effect of PYR@MSNs-TA-Cu nanoparticles against Rhizoctonia solani with 400 mg/L of pyraclostrobin was 85.82% after 7 d, while that of the same concentration of pyraclostrobin EC was 53.05%. The PYR@MSNs-TA-Cu nanoparticles did not show any phytotoxicity to the growth of rice plants. link2 Meanwhile, the acute toxicity of PYR@MSNs-TA-Cu nanoparticles to zebrafish was decreased more than 9-fold compared with that of pyraclostrobin EC. Thus, pH-responsive PYR@MSNs-TA-Cu nanoparticles have great potential for enhancing targeting and environmental safety of the active ingredient.Effective source-oriented human health risk assessment (HHRA) for people in different life stages will guide pollution control and risk prevention. This work integrated three receptor models of positive matrix factorization, Unmix, and factor analysis with nonnegative constraints for accurate source-oriented HHRA of potentially toxic elements in 6 age groups of populations (0- less then 1 year, 1- less then 6 years, 6- less then 12 years, 12- less then 18 years, 18- less then 44 years, and 44+ years). Four sources were identified. Natural source controlled As, Cr, and Ni in dust and soil as well as Pb and Zn in soil. Industrial-traffic emissions contributed most of Cd in dust and soil as well as Pb and Zn in dust. Hg in both dust and soil originated from coal combustion. Construction works contributed more to PTEs in soil than in dust. link3 Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for both dust and soil changed in similar trends by age. The noncancer risk reduced with increasing age for people below 44 years. Carcinogenic risk of females over 44 years were the highest, while children from 0 to 1 year faced the lowest carcinogenic risk.
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