Notes

[Taxonomy as well as definition of scientific registries].
We analyze all stock transactions executed by the universe of individual (or retail) investors of the Colombian Stock Exchange (5,380,810 trades performed by 42,211 individual investors between 2006 and 2016). Retail investors had negative abnormal returns on a gross excess return basis that ranged between 4% and 4.4% per year (depending on whether the alpha was estimated using the CAPM, Fama-French model or Carhart model). When transaction costs are considered, the underperformance of retail investors becomes even more pronounced, and the most active traders perform worse than less active traders even on a gross excess return basis. The underperformance of retail investors can be explained by their bad timing but only prior to the bankruptcy of Interbolsa, the largest stock brokerage house in Colombia at the time (2012). Once we control for the number of trades and other variables, we find that retail investors present in the market for a longer period of time and trading more actively outperform the other investors (on both a gross and net basis).This research aims to explain the urgency of the customary values and traditions in the farming management system of the Dayak People's in Kalimantan. The approach used was Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) in relation with the cultural cycle. This approach is important to explain the cycle of farming management systems and their concept about nature and environment in Dayak community. In the farming context, various existing values in Dayak community has been found such as values containing togetherness, compassionate, mutual cooperation, art, ritual and spiritual aspects. This research used a qualitative method through observation and direct interviews for its data collection techniques. The findings show that there were ten stages of whole series of farming management systems of Dayak community in Kalimantan, namely inspecting the land, determining the land area, cleaning or purifying farming tools, slashing, cutting the trees, burning the land, planting, weeding, harvesting, and performing thanks giving ceremony (begawai).This study aimed to assess the changes of small intestinal morphology, progenitors, differentiated epithelial cells, and potential mechanisms in neonatal piglets. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of samples from 36 piglets suggested that dramatic changes were observed in the jejunum crypts depth and crypt fission index of neonatal piglets (P less then 0.001). The number of intestinal stem cells (ISC) tended to increase (P less then 0.10), and a decreased number of enteroendocrine cells appeared in the jejunal crypt on d 7 (P less then 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expression of jejunal chromogranin A (ChgA) was down-regulated in d 7 piglets (P less then 0.05). There was an up-regulation of the adult ISC marker gene of SPARC related modular calcium binding 2 (Smoc2), and Wnt/β-catenin target genes on d 7 (P less then 0.05). These results were further verified in vitro enteroid culture experiments. A mass of hollow spheroids was cultured from the fetal intestine of 0-d-old piglets (P less then 0.001), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling on d 7 organoids (P less then 0.05). Spheroids displayed low differentiated phenotype and high proliferation, while organoids exhibited strong differentiation potential. These results indicated that the conversion from the fetal progenitors (spheroids) to adult ISC (normal organoids) might largely be responsible for the fast development of intestinal epithelial cells in neonatal piglets.This study aimed to investigate effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on meat quality, antioxidant ability and muscle fiber type transformation in finishing pigs. In a 70-day experiment, 18 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments including a basal diet supplemented with 0, 100 and 200 mg/kg lycopene, respectively. Sodium ascorbate supplier Each dietary treatment had 6 replicates with one pig each. Results showed that dietary 200 mg/kg lycopene supplementation increased muscle redness a∗ value, intramuscular fat and crude protein contents, and decreased muscle lightness L∗ and yellowness b∗ values (P less then 0.05), suggesting that addition of 200 mg/kg lycopene to the diet of finishing pigs improved color, nutritional value and juiciness of pork after slaughter. Results also showed that dietary lycopene supplementation enhanced antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs (P less then 0.05). Moreover, dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg lycopene significantly increased slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein level and slow-twitch fiber percentage, and decreased fast MyHC protein level and fast-twitch fiber percentage (P less then 0.05), suggesting that the addition of 200 mg/kg lycopene to the diet of finishing pigs promoted muscle fiber type conversion from fast-twitch to slow-twitch. Together, we provide the first evidence that dietary 200 mg/kg lycopene supplementation improves meat quality, enhances antioxidant capacity and promotes muscle fiber type transformation from fast-twitch to slow-twitch in finishing pigs.This study was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of glutamic acid (Glu) to reduced protein diets on the performance of weanling pigs. One hundred and eighty crossbred weanling pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc, 21 d old) having similar body weight (BW) of 6.45 kg were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (5 pigs per pen [2 barrows and 3 gilts]; 6 pens per treatment) based on BW and sex during a 6-week trial. Dietary treatments consisted of positive control (PC) diet formulated to have 226.9, 205.6, and 188.8 g crude protein (CP) during phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and negative control (NC) diets with 20 g CP reduction from PC diets and addition of Glu with increasing levels, resulting in the calculated Lys-to-Glu ratios of 12.25, 12.30.12.35, 12.40, and 12.45, designated as NC, NC1, NC2, NC3, and NC4, respectively. The BW of pigs receiving PC diet was higher (P less then 0.05) than those receiving NC diet at d 7, 21 and 42. A higher (P less then 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from d 1 to 7, 8 to 21, 22 to 42 and during the overall experiment period was observed in pigs fed PC than NC diet. Pigs fed NC diets including the graded level of Glu linearly increased (P less then 0.05) BW at d 42, ADG and gain-to-feed ratio (GF) during the overall experimental period. In addition, trends in linear increase in BW (P = 0.056) at d 7 and ADG from d 1 to 7 and d 22 to 42 (linear effect, P = 0.081, P = 0.058 respectively) were observed. A tendency in the linear increment of NH3 (P = 0.082) at d 21 and linear reduction in methyl mercaptans (P = 0.054) emission at d 42 was observed in pigs fed NC diets supplemented with graded level of Glu. In conclusion, supplementing the reduced protein diet with Glu enhanced the growth performance in weanling pigs suggesting that supplementation of Glu can compensate the reduction of 2% CP in the basal diets.In recent years, high-fat diet (HFD) has been widely applied in aquaculture, which reduces the intestinal health of cultured fish. The current study evaluated the protective effects of nano-selenium (nano-Se) on intestinal health of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with HFD. A total of 135 experimental fish were fed with a regular diet (Con), a HFD (HFD) and a HFD containing nano-Se at 0.6 mg/kg (HSe) for 10 weeks. The results showed that dietary nano-Se significantly improved the survival rate and feed efficiency which were reduced by HFD in juvenile grass carp (P less then 0.05). Also, nano-Se (0.6 mg/kg) supplement alleviated intestinal damage caused by the HFD, thus maintaining the integrity of the intestine. Moreover, it significantly up-regulated the expression of genes related to tight junction (ZO-1, c laudin-3 and o ccludin), anti-oxidization (GPx4a andGPx4b), and the protein of ZO-1 in the intestine of juvenile grass carp, which were depressed by the HFD (P less then 0.05). FurtThese positive effects may be due to the regulation of nano-Se on intestinal microbiota and the subsequently increased beneficial SCFA levels.The current dietary copper (Cu) requirement (8 mg/kg) of broilers is mainly based on growth, hemoglobin concentration, or hematocrit, which might not be the most sensitive indices to evaluate dietary Cu requirements of broilers. The present study was carried out to estimate dietary Cu requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 d of age using biochemical or molecular biomarkers. A total of 384 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 treatments with 8 replicates and fed a Cu-unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 5.17 mg Cu/kg by analysis and the basal diet supplemented with 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 mg Cu/kg as CuSO4⋅5H2O for 21 d. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the optimal dietary Cu level using the broken-line model. Dietary supplemental Cu level affected (P 0.05) on the growth performance, Cu contents in heart, kidney, pancreas and spleen, Cu- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity and ceruloplasmin content in serum, CuZnSOD and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities and ceruloplasmin, CuZnSOD, MAO A, MAO B, COX 4 I 1 and COX 1 mRNA and protein expressions in the above tissues of broilers. As dietary supplemental Cu levels increased, Cu contents in serum and liver increased linearly (P less then 0.05), but kidney MAO activity decreased linearly and quadratically (P less then 0.05). The estimated dietary Cu requirement based on the fitted broken-line model (P = 0.035) of kidney MAO activity was 11.30 mg/kg. In conclusion, kidney MAO activity is a new and sensitive criterion to evaluate the dietary Cu requirement of broilers, and the dietary Cu requirement was 11.30 mg/kg for broilers fed the conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 d of age, which is higher than the current National Research Council (NRC) Cu requirement (8 mg/kg) of broilers.Patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) experience worsening axial symptoms with disease progression, which can negatively affect quality of life. Previous phase 2 and 3 clinical trials conducted in Japan showed that zonisamide improved parkinsonism in patients with DLB. In the present study, we performed a post hoc analysis of pooled data from the previous phase 2 and 3 trials to examine the effect of zonisamide on axial symptoms in this patient group. In our pooled analysis, the primary outcome was the change from baseline to 12 weeks in axial symptom score, measured as the sum of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III items relevant to gait/balance/midline function. A total of 498 patients were included in this analysis. Zonisamide 25 mg and 50 mg significantly reduced the axial symptom score at week 12 compared with placebo (p less then 0.01 and p less then 0.001, respectively, by mixed model of repeated measures). Our findings indicate that zonisamide may improve axial symptoms in DLB with parkinsonism and, thus, may potentially reduce the risk of falls and improve quality of life in this vulnerable patient population.Surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT) can assist with patient setup by providing a real-time feedback mechanism over the whole patient treatment surface. It also has the potential to reduce the number of close contacts between staff and the patient, which is advocated for infection control during the COVID-19 pandemic. Residual translations and rotations (post-CBCT) were acquired following a conventional setup protocol (using permanent marks and lasers) and an SGRT setup protocol. The SGRT protocol resulted in one of the two therapeutic radiographers not having any close contact ( less then 2m) with a patient during setup. Data from 702 imaging sessions showed similar setup accuracy with either protocol, fewer large translations and fewer repeat setup occurrences using the SGRT protocol. The potential of SGRT for infection control should be recognised alongside other benefits.
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