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Development of monolith/aminated as well as nanotubes composite-based solid-phase microextraction involving phenoxycarboxylic chemicals weed killers throughout h2o and also earth biological materials.
Herein, we report on the facile synthesis of nanocomposite consisting of TiO2 and Au nanoparticles (NPs) via a tailored galvanic replacement reaction (GRR). The electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized TiO2/Au nanocomposites for CO2 reduction was investigated in an aqueous solution using various electrochemical methods. Our results demonstrated that the TiO2/Au nanocomposites formed through the GRR process exhibited improved catalytic activities for CO2 reduction, while generating more hydrocarbon molecules than the typical formation of CO in contrast to polycrystalline Au. GC analysis and NMR spectroscopy revealed that CO and CH4 were the gas products, whereas HCOO-, CH3COO-, CH3OH, and CH3CH2OH were the liquid products from the CO2 reduction at different cathodic potentials. This remarkable change was further studied using the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, showing that the TiO2/Au nanocomposites may increase the binding energy of the formed ·CO intermediate and reduce the free energy compared to Au, thus favoring the downstream generation of multicarbon products. The TiO2/Au nanocomposites have high catalytic activity and excellent stability and are easy to fabricate, indicating that the developed catalyst has potential application in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to value-added products.Microtubules have spatiotemporally complex posttranslational modification patterns. How cells interpret this tubulin modification code is largely unknown. We show that C. elegans katanin, a microtubule severing AAA ATPase mutated in microcephaly and critical for cell division, axonal elongation, and cilia biogenesis, responds precisely, differentially, and combinatorially to three chemically distinct tubulin modifications-glycylation, glutamylation, and tyrosination-but is insensitive to acetylation. Glutamylation and glycylation are antagonistic rheostats with glycylation protecting microtubules from severing. Katanin exhibits graded and divergent responses to glutamylation on the α- and β-tubulin tails, and these act combinatorially. The katanin hexamer central pore constrains the polyglutamate chain patterns on β-tails recognized productively. Elements distal to the katanin AAA core sense α-tubulin tyrosination, and detyrosination downregulates severing. The multivalent microtubule recognition that enables katanin to read multiple tubulin modification inputs explains in vivo observations and illustrates how effectors can integrate tubulin code signals to produce diverse functional outcomes.Collective cell movements drive normal development and metastasis. Drosophila border cells move as a cluster of 6-10 cells, where the role of the Rac GTPase in migration was first established. In border cells, as in most migratory cells, Rac stimulates leading-edge protrusion. Upstream Rac regulators in leaders have been identified; however, the regulation and function of Rac in follower border cells is unknown. Here, we show that all border cells require Rac, which promotes follower-cell motility and is important for cluster compactness and movement. We identify a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Cdep, which also regulates follower-cell movement and cluster cohesion. Scribble, Discs large, and Lethal giant larvae localize Cdep basolaterally and share phenotypes with Cdep. Relocalization of CdepGFP partially rescues Scribble knockdown, suggesting that Cdep is a major downstream effector of basolateral proteins. Thus, a Scrib/Cdep/Rac pathway promotes cell crawling and coordinated, collective migration in vivo.The mammalian genome encodes thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), many of which are developmentally regulated and differentially expressed across tissues, suggesting their potential roles in cellular differentiation. Despite this expression pattern, little is known about how lncRNAs influence lineage commitment at the molecular level. Here, we demonstrate that perturbation of an embryonic stem cell/early embryonic lncRNA, pluripotency-associated transcript 4 (Platr4), directly influences the specification of cardiac-mesoderm-lineage differentiation. We show that Platr4 acts as a molecular scaffold or chaperone interacting with the Hippo-signaling pathway molecules Yap and Tead4 to regulate the expression of a downstream target gene, Ctgf, which is crucial to the cardiac-lineage program. Importantly, Platr4 knockout mice exhibit myocardial atrophy and valve mucinous degeneration, which are both associated with reduced cardiac output and sudden heart failure. Mepazine Together, our findings provide evidence that Platr4 is required in cardiac-lineage specification and adult heart function in mice.Melanoma evolution may recapitulate the embryonic development of its progenitor tissue, neural crest (NC), but the exact process is unclear. In a recent issue of Nature, Karras et al. (2022) demonstrate that melanoma expansion mirrors the hierarchic process of NC differentiation, generating cell subpopulations, each with distinct function, including growth and metastasis.Asymmetric expression of the transcription factor Pitx2 is important for correct asymmetry in organs during development. In a recent issue of Science, Sanketi et al. find Pitx2 expression directing gut tilting is independent of Nodal and acts as a "brake" to counteract BMP4 signaling on the right.Animals, fungi, and their closest protist relatives comprise the clade Opisthokonta. Although they are comparatively closely related, animals and fungi have diverged greatly from one another. A new study demonstrates that the genomic features that are characteristic of animals and fungi arose even before the origin of these two kingdoms.An impressive long-term study of Greater Ani birds reveals fluctuating selection for group size. In wet years, with abundant food, larger groups enjoy greater protection from predators. In dry years, however, larger groups suffer greater nestling mortality relative to smaller groups.All animals constantly need to weigh their options based on new experiences something initially considered bad can become better in the light of something worse. A new study now shows how flies re-evaluate between better and worse.A meiotic-specific structure, the synaptonemal complex, regulates meiotic recombination, but the 'language' used for this regulation has yet to be fully decoded. A new study identifies a novel phosphorylation site on the synaptonemal complex that regulates DNA repair pathway choice, revealing a new corner of the 'Rosetta Stone' for meiosis.The evolutionary origin of nutrient trafficking, a key development in metazoans, has been relatively unexplored. A new study in a model sea anemone exploits click chemistry and gene editing to provide insight into how nutrient trafficking may have arisen.Decisions are often made in the absence of instructive cues, based instead on memories of previous actions and outcomes. A new study sheds light on how orbitofrontal cortex tracks action history to adjust actions over time.Secretory vesicles are often delivered to very specific targets, like pre-synaptic terminals or cell tips, to focus exocytosis. New work suggests that a biomolecular condensate focuses actin filaments that deliver incoming vesicles through the condensate to the plasma membrane.Neural circuits change during development or following experience by adding neurons and rewiring connections, but mapping such processes is technically daunting. A new study traces maturation of an entire circuit in subcellular detail, revealing continuous functionality under gradual structural change.The discovery of mental rotation was one of the most significant landmarks in experimental psychology, leading to the ongoing assumption that to visually compare objects from different three-dimensional viewpoints, we use explicit internal simulations of object rotations, to 'mentally adjust' one object until it matches the other1. These rotations are thought to be performed on three-dimensional representations of the object, by literal analogy to physical rotations. In particular, it is thought that an imagined object is continuously adjusted at a constant three-dimensional angular rotation rate from its initial orientation to the final orientation through all intervening viewpoints2. While qualitative theories have tried to account for this phenomenon3, to date there has been no explicit, image-computable model of the underlying processes. As a result, there is no quantitative account of why some object viewpoints appear more similar to one another than others when the three-dimensional angular difference between them is the same4,5. We reasoned that the specific pattern of non-uniformities in the perception of viewpoints can reveal the visual computations underlying mental rotation. We therefore compared human viewpoint perception with a model based on the kind of two-dimensional 'optical flow' computations that are thought to underlie motion perception in biological vision6, finding that the model reproduces the specific errors that participants make. This suggests that mental rotation involves simulating the two-dimensional retinal image change that would occur when rotating objects. When we compare objects, we do not do so in a distal three-dimensional representation as previously assumed, but by measuring how much the proximal stimulus would change if we watched the object rotate, capturing perspectival appearance changes7.Does low frequency sound (bass) make people dance more? Music that makes people want to move tends to have more low frequency sound, and bass instruments typically provide the musical pulse that people dance to1. Low pitches confer advantages in perception and movement timing, and elicit stronger neural responses for timing compared to high pitches2, suggesting superior sensorimotor communication. Low frequency sound is processed via vibrotactile3 and vestibular4 (in addition to auditory) pathways, and stimulation of these non-auditory modalities in the context of music can increase ratings of groove (the pleasurable urge to move to music)3, and modulate musical rhythm perception4. Anecdotal accounts describe intense physical and psychological effects of low frequencies, especially in electronic dance music5, possibly reflecting effects on physiological arousal. We do not, however, know if these associations extend to direct causal effects of low frequencies in complex, real-world, social contexts like dancing at concerts, or if low frequencies that are not consciously detectable can affect behaviour. We tested whether non-auditory low-frequency stimulation would increase audience dancing by turning very-low frequency (VLF) speakers on and off during a live electronic music concert and measuring audience members' movements using motion-capture. Movement increased when VLFs were present, and because the VLFs were below or near auditory thresholds (and a subsequent experiment suggested they were undetectable), we believe this represents an unconscious effect on behaviour, possibly via vestibular and/or tactile processing.Plant leaves display tremendous variation in shape. Here, we discuss how information obtained from genetics, live imaging and computational modeling has helped conceptualize the ways in which gene activity is translated into different leaf shapes. In this framework, the action of genes on leaf form can be captured as the sum of their effects on the amount, duration, and direction of cellular growth, which together produce leaf geometry. We use three different examples to illustrate this point. First, the emergence of complex versus simple leaves in eudicots, which arises from differences in organ-wide growth duration as well as local growth repression at the leaf margin. Second, the development of strap-shaped grass leaves with a broad sheathing base versus the typical eudicot leaves with a narrow petiole, where these features of grass leaves emerged through lateral expansion of the zone of leaf progenitor cells, coupled with later remodeling of growth of early domains of the leaf blade. Third, the formation of insect traps on carnivorous plants that arose through constrained directional growth that produced a 3D deformation.
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