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Recurring Moderate Upsetting Brain Injury in Test subjects Impairs Cognition, Enhances Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity, along with Reduces Pre-synaptic Mitochondrial Function.
Sleep health is an important factor across several physical and mental health disorders, and a growing scientific consensus has identified sleep as a critical component of opioid use disorder (OUD), both in the active disease state and during OUD recovery. The goal of this narrative review is to collate the literature on sleep, opioid use, and OUD as a means of identifying therapeutic targets to improve OUD treatment outcomes. Sleep disturbance is common and often severe in persons with OUD, especially during opioid withdrawal, but also in persons on opioid maintenance therapies. There is ample evidence that sleep disturbances including reduced total sleep time, disrupted sleep continuity, and poor sleep quality often accompany negative OUD treatment outcomes. Sleep disturbances are bidirectionally associated with several other factors related to negative treatment outcomes, including chronic stress, stress reactivity, low positive affect, high negative affect, chronic pain, and drug craving. This constellation of outcome variables represents a more comprehensive appraisal of the quality of life and quality of recovery than is typically assessed in OUD clinical trials. To date, there are very few clinical trials or experimental studies aimed at improving sleep health in OUD patients, either as a means of improving stress, affect, and craving outcomes, or as a potential mechanistic target to reduce opioid withdrawal and drug use behaviors. Selleck GRL0617 As such, the direct impact of sleep improvement in OUD patients is largely unknown, yet mechanistic and clinical research suggests that therapeutic interventions that target sleep are a promising avenue to improve OUD treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).African Americans (AA) have historically been targeted by the tobacco industry and have the highest rates of current cigar use among racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. Yet, there is limited evidence on other factors influencing cigar use. Amongst a sample of 78 AA current cigar (any type) smokers, log-linear regression models examined correlates of cigar demand obtained from a validated behavioral economic purchase task. Mean intensity, or cigar demand when free, was 6.68 cigars (standard deviation [SD] 8.17), while mean breakpoint, or the highest price a participant was willing to pay, was $4.62 (SD 3.88). Mean maximum daily expenditure, Omax was $15.20 (SD 25.73) and Pmax, the price at Omax was $5.25 (SD 3.95). Participants aged 21 to 30 years compared to those aged 18 to 20 years, those with higher levels of dependence, and females compared to males, had a significantly higher intensity. Participants with cannabis use above the sample median in the last 30 days (4 + days) had significantly higher intensity and Omax than those below the median. Further, participants with a high school education or more had a significantly lower intensity, breakpoint, and Omax than those with less than high school education. Individuals with income below the federal poverty line (FPL) also had a significantly lower breakpoint and Omax than those above. Finally, tobacco harm perceptions were inversely associated with Pmax. Stricter policies on cigar products, such as higher taxes and product-specific harm messaging, may have an immediate and sustained impact on health disparities related to cigar use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Bisexual women report elevated alcohol and drug use compared to other sexual minority women. This review summarized extant research on mechanisms (i.e., coping processes with minority stress and victimization, disclosure of sexual identity, connectedness to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ +) community, religiosity, and normative perceptions) that may influence alcohol and other drug use among bisexual women. Specifically, bisexual women experience unique sexual discrimination (i.e., binegativity) and are at heightened risk for other forms of victimization and other stressful life events. Given this heightened experience with stress, bisexual women may use alcohol as a maladaptive coping mechanism. Further, disclosure of one's sexual identity may produce opportunities for connecting with the LGBTQ + community, but such openness may increase exposure to discrimination and stigmatization among bisexual women. Findings on religiosity have been mixed, but there is some support that bisexual women may use substances in response to internal conflict between their religious beliefs and sexual identity. Lastly, we found that normative perceptions of other bisexual women's drinking behaviors are strongly tied to their own levels of alcohol use. From a therapeutic perspective, we suggest that practitioners recognize the unique experience of minority stress and teach strategies that lessen internalized stigma and promote healthy psychosocial adjustment among their bisexual clients. Clinicians may also help their clients find sources of support, which may protect them against the use of alcohol and drugs to manage minority-induced stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Anhedonia-diminished interest and pleasure in response to rewards-may be a symptom of tobacco withdrawal that is understudied in priority populations. This experiment investigated the magnitude and correlates of various dimensions of anhedonia during tobacco withdrawal among African-American (AA) smokers-a population subject to health disparities. AA smokers (N = 607; ≥ 10 cigarettes/day, 37.8% female, M[SD] age = 50.0[10.6] years) completed self-report measures assessing expected pleasure from (i.e., consummatory anhedonia) and desire to engage in (i.e., anticipatory anhedonia) various types of hypothetically experienced rewards at counterbalanced 16-hr tobacco deprived and nondeprived lab visits. Other tobacco withdrawal symptom measures (e.g., craving, negative affect, hunger) were also assessed. Tobacco deprivation most robustly increased scores on a composite measure of consummatory anhedonia directed toward various reward domains (i.e., hobbies, sensory experiences, social activities; d = .32, p less then .
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