Notes

Effect regarding Clostridioides difficile disease about patient-reported total well being.
With the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is an argument on whether we should increase the number of testing for the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) to mitigate the epidemic in a given country. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between testing number and mortality to evaluate the hypothesis.

Data on an open-access database of COVID-19 was retrieved. Member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), BRICs nations (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), and Taiwan were included in the analysis, but 2 countries were removed as outliers.

There was a weak, positive correlation between mortality and testing (r = 0.34,
0.03). On regression analysis, there was a positive slope but the coefficient was very small (0.00064).

We found a very small positive correlation between testing number and mortality for COVID-19.
We found a very small positive correlation between testing number and mortality for COVID-19.
To estimate the prevalence, pattern, and factors associated with functional impairment among elders.

A community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among older adults (aged ≥60 years) residing in the urban blocks of West Bengal. An interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire, which included Katz index and half-arm span to measure functional impairment and body mass index (BMI), respectively.

The mean (SD) age (in years) of 457 participants was 69.0 (7.3) years and 52% were males, 72% were graduates, 52% were obese, and 55% had hypertension. The prevalence of functional impairment was 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.21-10.24). The most common aid or appliance used was spectacles (93%) followed by a denture (20%). The functional impairment was more common among the oldest-old (≥85 years) (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 8.26, 95% CI 2.50-27.28), middle-old (75-84 years) age group (aPR 3.85, 95% CI 1.44-10.31), underweight (BMI < 18.50 kg/m
) (aPR 3.60, 95% CI 1.44-9.00), and among the individuals using walking sticks (aPR 3.47, 95% CI 1.60-7.51).

The burden of functional impairment is low among older adults in the urban area of West Bengal. Policies need to be framed at the household level to reduce the extent of disability among the oldest-old and elders who are underweight and use walking aids.
The burden of functional impairment is low among older adults in the urban area of West Bengal. Policies need to be framed at the household level to reduce the extent of disability among the oldest-old and elders who are underweight and use walking aids.Despite the evolving science on Covid-19 pointing to the contrary, the concept of Herd immunity continues to influence decision making in this pandemic. check details This paper attempts to evolve an understanding of the concept of herd immunity and its relevance in context of pandemics in general and Covid-19 in particular.
To evaluate the prevalence of prescribing panoramic radiographs in children less than 6 years of age.

The retrospective study was conducted in a dental institution in Chennai between December 2019 and January 2021. Details of all the children less than 6 years subjected to panoramic radiographs were collected. The reason for taking panoramic radiographs was also recorded. Chi-square tests were done to statistically analyze the data, and the significance level was set at 0.05.

Out of 2,847 children less than 6 years of age visiting the dental institution, 1.08% (31 children) were advised to take an orthopantomagram (OPG) during the study period. Early childhood caries (75% in males and 66.7% in females) was found to be the most common reason for taking panoramic radiographs followed by developmental disturbances (12.5% in males and 13.3% in females). Chi-square test showed statistical significance between males and females (
- value = 0.003 and 0.002) for the reasons for taking panoramic radiographs in children.

Usage of radiographic techniques, especially panoramic radiographs should be limited for children under 6 years of age unless absolutely necessary.
Usage of radiographic techniques, especially panoramic radiographs should be limited for children under 6 years of age unless absolutely necessary.
As there is a risk for infant anaemia, early cord clamping which is usually performed at 10-15 seconds of delivery was changed to delayed cord clamping for at least for 30 seconds Delayed cord clamping (DCC) increases the blood volume and haemoglobin levels in newborns and reduces risk of iron deficiency anaemia in both term and preterm infants.Early clamping allows cord blood collection in benefit for transplantation of stem cells.

To compare levels of haemoglobin, hematocrit and serum ferritin at birth and 4 weeks of age in babies as well as neonatal outcome following early and delayed cord clamping in births associated with anaemia in pregnancy.

An observational study.

Anaemic pregnant women with period of gestation 32-40 weeks admitted in labour room for delivery were enrolled. Intervention Grouping of the patients was done according to the timing of the umbilical cord clamping. 1. Early cord clamping (< 60 seconds) 2. Delayed cord clamping (1 - 3 minutes) Of which 58 subjects were in ECC (early cord clamping)and 62 were in DCC (delayed cord clamping)group.

There was no significance of ECC or DCC in developing polycythemia, IVH or hyperbilirubinemia or increased need of blood transfusion. The levels of haemoglobin, hematocrit and ferritin levels were showing significant increased among DCC as compared to ECC.

Delayed cord clamping significantly increases the levels of haemoglobin, Serum ferritin and hematocrit at 4 weeks of age. It should be recommended in routine practice where it is not contraindicated especially in resource- poor settings.
Delayed cord clamping significantly increases the levels of haemoglobin, Serum ferritin and hematocrit at 4 weeks of age. It should be recommended in routine practice where it is not contraindicated especially in resource- poor settings.
Body image is an essential aspect of young girls' self-definition and individual identity and is influenced by multitude of factors including cultural, social, cognitive, affective, and biological. In recent times, excessive concern about the body image has been reported and the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction (BID) has increased among adolescent and young girls.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BID, its pattern and the factors associated with it among female undergraduate students and also to assess the level of concern about their body image.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 female undergraduate students using a contour drawing rating scale and a body shape questionnaire to assess BID and its pattern, and the level of concern about body image, respectively. Binary logistic regression was applied to identify the factors determining body image perception.

The prevalence of body mage dissatisfaction was 76.7% with overweight and obesity, and media influences being significantly associated with it. Nutritional status, mother's educational status, and media influences were the determinants. Body shape concerns were found among 30.6% of the participants out of which 7.3% reported marked to moderate concerns.

Our findings highlighted a higher prevalence of perceived dissatisfaction with the body image and also that it is not simply the outcome of sociocultural pressure to conform to a certain body type but is the result of a complex interaction between individual differences in actual body mass and preference for a thin body ideal.
Our findings highlighted a higher prevalence of perceived dissatisfaction with the body image and also that it is not simply the outcome of sociocultural pressure to conform to a certain body type but is the result of a complex interaction between individual differences in actual body mass and preference for a thin body ideal.
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are common disorders often requiring long-term treatment with atypical antipsychotics, which might cause metabolic dysfunctions. We aimed to study the metabolic dysfunctions with olanzapine and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. We also explored the incidence of new-onset metabolic syndrome and its predictors.

This was a 24-week prospective observational study conducted at a teaching hospital in North India. The patients were prescribed olanzapine or risperidone. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, weight, body mass index, blood pressure) and biochemical investigations (triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, fasting plasma glucose) were recorded at baseline and after 24 weeks. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the International Diabetes Federation definition. Statistical tests used were Fisher's exact test, paired t-test, unpaired t-test, and logistic regression.

A total of 45 patients, 30 on olanzapine and 15 on risperidone completed the study. Statistically significant changes occurred in all variables with olanzapine while with risperidone statistically significant changes occurred in all variables except waist circumference and fasting plasma glucose. Statistically greater changes in mean values between the two were noted only for high-density lipoprotein with olanzapine. 20% of patients developed metabolic syndrome with non-significant between drug differences. Baseline triglyceride predicted the development of the metabolic syndrome.

Olanzapine and risperidone cause metabolic derangements and statistically significant differences may not exist between them. Baseline triglyceride levels might predict subsequent metabolic syndrome.
Olanzapine and risperidone cause metabolic derangements and statistically significant differences may not exist between them. Baseline triglyceride levels might predict subsequent metabolic syndrome.
Multimorbidity is being recognized as a crucial maternal health challenge in India. However, pregnancy remains an exclusion criterion in most multimorbidity estimation studies resulting in a deficient understanding of the problem in this population. The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity, identify its correlates, and assess healthcare utilization and expenditure outcomes among women availing of antenatal care clinics.

An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted among 127 pregnant women attending three antenatal clinics of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, from February to July 2016. Data were collected using a "multimorbidity assessment questionnaire for primary care," contextualized for antenatal settings. The prevalence and correlates were determined using descriptive analysis, and the outcomes were measured by the number of healthcare visits, medications, and healthcare expenditure. About 15% of antenatal women were multimorbid.

Anemia (52.6%), hypertension (31.6%), acid-peptic. Longitudinal studies to assess the trajectory and impact of multimorbidity on maternal and infant health are warranted.
Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries.

This retrospective observational study was done in the Emergency Department (ED) of a tertiary care trauma center in Southern India in 2018 (January to December).

During the study period of 1 year, the ED attended 74,466 patients which included 7675 (10.3%) trauma patients. The mean age was 35.3 (SD 18.5) years with three-fourth (76.6%) being males. Pediatric/adolescents (age ≤18 years) and geriatric age groups (age ≥60 years) comprised 16.7% and 11.8% cases, respectively. Road traffic accidents (RTA) (66%) were the predominant mode of injury followed by falls (fall from height 8.6% and fall on level ground 7.8%). Among the RTAs, the majority were two-wheelers related (73.8%), followed by pedestrian injuries (9.4%) and four-wheelers injuries (7.2%). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed pedestrian injuries, low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and hypotension at arrival as independent predictors of hospital mortality.
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