Notes

mRNA Inventory involving Extracellular Vesicles via Ustilago maydis.
Amongst 328 oocytes retrieved from 27 female patients, 162 oocytes were in the time-monitored cohort and 162 oocytes were grouped as the control cohort. Maturation rate between GV→ MII was highest at 18 h in the time-monitored cohort MII (
= 57). Utilisation rate was highest when ICSI was performed between 5 and 6 h after the first polar body extrusion,
= 17 (63%).

This study provides valuable insight into the optimal maturation timing using a TLS to yield the good number of oocytes. In addition, optimising ICSI timing is important to provide the best utilisation rate in an IVM cycle to achieve synchrony between nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation.
This study provides valuable insight into the optimal maturation timing using a TLS to yield the good number of oocytes. In addition, optimising ICSI timing is important to provide the best utilisation rate in an IVM cycle to achieve synchrony between nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation.
Evidence regarding impact of pre-ovulatory hormone levels on assisted reproductive technique (ART) outcomes in different ovarian response groups is sparse.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the association between pre-ovulatory hormonal profile and ART outcomes in different ovarian responses.

This is a single-centre retrospective cohort study of 273 non-donor fresh ART cycles between January 2013 and June 2016.

Data on clinical profile, basal and peak hormonal levels, characteristics of controlled ovarian stimulation and ART outcomes were collected. Progesterone elevation (PE) was defined as pre-ovulatory serum progesterone >1.5 ng/mL or progesterone to oestradiol ratio >1. The association between peak hormonal levels and ART outcomes in poor (≤4 oocytes retrieved), intermediate (5-13 oocytes retrieved) and high (≥14 oocytes retrieved) ovarian responders was analysed and compared.

Continuous and categorical variables were summarised as median (interquartile range) and percentages, respectively, and compared using Kruskal-Wallis H-test or Mann-Whitney U-test and Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, respectively.

The incidence of PE, by both criteria and clinical pregnancy rates (35.7%, 36.8% and 18.6% in high, normal and poor responders, respectively;
= 0.073), was similar among the three response groups. Except fertilisation rates in normo-responders, PE did not influence ART outcomes in any response group. Furthermore, there were no differences between peak hormone concentrations or incidence of PE between those who conceived and those who did not.

Pre-ovulatory sex steroid levels do not seem to be the primary determinant of ART outcomes in any ovarian response category; hence, decision to freeze all embryos in the event of PE should be tailored.
Pre-ovulatory sex steroid levels do not seem to be the primary determinant of ART outcomes in any ovarian response category; hence, decision to freeze all embryos in the event of PE should be tailored.
Despite the great advances in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), management of poor responders has remained a great challenge. Gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) has been offered as a patient friendly protocol. In the literature, conflicting data exists about the effect of the GnRH-ant starting day on cycle outcomes.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of GnRH-ant starting day on cycle outcomes of patients with poor ovarian response defined by Bologna criteria.

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at an ART clinic of a tertiary hospital.

A total of 361 cycles using flexible GnRH-ant, 195 in Group A (GnRH-ant administered before day 6 of stimulation) and 166 cycles in Group B (GnRH-ant started on or after day 6), were selected retrospectively for the study.

Statistical analysis of data was carried out using using IBM SPSS Statistics Software (20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the variables.

Total antral follicle count was significantly higher in Group A compared to Group B (
= 0.009). Duration of stimulation was significantly shorter (
< 0.01) and total dose of gonadotropin used was lower in Group A when compared to Group B (
< 0.01). While higher number of oocytes was retrieved from Group A (
= 0.037), no between-group differences were observed in number of mature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, clinical pregnancy rate or ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) per embryo transfer (
> 0.05).

Early GnRH-ant start may point out a favourable response to ovarian stimulation in poor responders. However, clinical or OPRs were not different from the late GnRH-ant start group.
Early GnRH-ant start may point out a favourable response to ovarian stimulation in poor responders. However, clinical or OPRs were not different from the late GnRH-ant start group.
Evaluation of uterine cavity is an important step during investigation of infertile women. The presence of uterine pathology causes impaired receptivity, failed implantation and poor pregnancy outcomes. Various investigative modalities though available; have their limitations. Hysteroscopy considered the gold standard diagnostic modality is invasive; thus, an investigation which could overcome its limitations was required. 3-Dimensional transvaginal sonography (3D TVS), which non-invasively visualizes uterine morphology, registers all three imaging planes simultaneously could be an alternative to hysteroscopy.

To compare 3-D TVS with the gold standard office hysteroscopy for evaluating uterine cavity in sub fertile women.

It was a comparative study carried out at the Reproductive Medicine Centre of a tertiary care hospital.

Over 12 months , 154 women with infertility underwent both hysteroscopy and 3D TVS. The primary outcome was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of 3D TVS in diagnosing endoundouterine lesions. With no statistically significant superiority of hysteroscopy over 3D TVS as seen in this study it may be deemed unnecessary in 50% patients having normal uterine cavity.
Women with abnormal hysterosalpingography (HSG) are anxious regarding the presence of tubal pathology. It is important to know the predictive value of HSG and the need for subsequent laparoscopy following an abnormal report. In the era of assisted reproductive technology, the role of invasive testing such as diagnostic laparoscopy is being increasingly questioned due to its invasiveness and associated risks. There is a need to explore the positive predictive value (PPV) of HSG in detecting bilateral tubal block in our population as PPV changes with the prevalence of disease.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of HSG in identifying tubal blockage in subfertile women.

This was a prospective diagnostic study conducted in the department of reproductive medicine and surgery in a university-level hospital.

The study included 199 subfertile women who had undergone HSG earlier and were planned for laparoscopy from April 2017 to January 2021. Findings of HSG and laparoscopy were compry eight women with at least one patent tube on HSG, performing laparoscopy changed the management.
The current study showed low PPV for bilateral tubal block diagnosed with HSG which translates into a need for further confirmation by laparoscopy. In one out of every eight women with at least one patent tube on HSG, performing laparoscopy changed the management.
Antimullerian hormone (AMH) is a key marker of ovarian reserve and predictor of response to fertility treatment.

To understand the prevalence of low ovarian reserve in Indian women seeking infertility treatment, compare their AMH with age-matched fertile Indian controls and understand ethnic differences with Caucasian women.

Retrospective observational study done as collaboration between our
fertilization centre and a laboratory with Pan-India presence.

Women aged 20-44 years were selected as Group A (seeking infertility treatment
= 54,473), Group B (conceived naturally in the past;
= 283) and Group C (data of Caucasian women;
= 718). Serum AMH levels were measured and descriptive analysis done.

Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.

In Group A, 28.7%, 48.7% and 70.6% of women aged <30 years, 30-34 years and 35-39 years had serum AMH levels ≤2 ng/mL and the proportions were higher than Group B. The rate at which median AMH decreased was 1.1-2 times faster in Group B as compared to Group C. The decrease in median AMH across age groups in Group A was similar to Group B.

Indian women in their late twenties and early thirties visiting fertility centers showed a worrisome trend of low AMH. Our study can be used as a reference for those women considering postponing pregnancy. It may be time to look at intangible cultural factors linked to social habits, ethnicity, diet, genetic predispositions, and environmental factors like endocrine disrupting chemicals contributing to premature ovarian senescence.
Indian women in their late twenties and early thirties visiting fertility centers showed a worrisome trend of low AMH. Our study can be used as a reference for those women considering postponing pregnancy. It may be time to look at intangible cultural factors linked to social habits, ethnicity, diet, genetic predispositions, and environmental factors like endocrine disrupting chemicals contributing to premature ovarian senescence.
Ovarian reserve declines with age. However, there are considerable ethnic differences in the decline of ovarian reserve between individuals.

This study aimed to make age-specific percentile charts of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) in Indian infertile women and to find the proportion of young women with low ovarian reserve.

This was a retrospective data analysis of AMH and AFC of 5525 infertile women from August 2015 to December 2018.

Infertile women aged 20- 44 years, with body mass index 18-32 kg/m
and having both ovaries were included in the study. 5-Cholesten-3β-ol-7-one Women with pituitary/adrenal disorders, malignancy, total AFC >40, tuberculosis, endometriosis, autoimmune disorders, smoking, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and recent ovarian surgery were excluded from the study.

Comparison between groups was done by Chi-square test.

About 14.5% of women <35 years and 50.5% of women >35 years had low AMH values (<1.1 ng/ml). In addition, 5.6% of women <35 years and 23.6% of women >35 years had a low AFC of ≤5. In this study, 55.7% of women who had low AMH and 50.7% who had low AFC were <35 years of age. The median AMH values were 4.23 ng/mL in 20-25 years' age group, 3.48 ng/mL in women aged 26-30 years, 2.43 ng/mL in women aged 31-35 years, 1.28 ng/mL in women aged 36-40 years and0.52 ng/mL in 40-44 years' age group. The median AFCs were 20, 18, 14, 10 and 6 for each of the age groups, respectively.

This study suggests that approximately more than half of the infertile women who were tested to have low ovarian reserve were <35 years of age.
This study suggests that approximately more than half of the infertile women who were tested to have low ovarian reserve were less then 35 years of age.
Insufficient nutrition and inappropriate diet have been related to many diseases. Although the literature confirms the hypothesis that particular nutritional factors can influence the quality of semen, until today, there are no specific dietary recommendations created for infertile males. Since the male contribution to the fertility of a couple is crucial, it is of high importance to determine the dietary factors that can affect male fertility.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate differences in sperm quality parameters, sperm oxidative stress values and sperm acrosome reaction between vegan diet consumers and non-vegans.

Prospective study in a University Medical School.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the sperm quality parameters of vegan diet consumers (10 males who had a strictly vegetable diet with no animal products) and compare them with non-vegans (10 males with no diet restrictions). Semen quality was assessed following the World Health Organization (2010) criteria. Acrosome and DNA integrity has been evaluated using the immunofluorescence technique.
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