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New X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments have been performed on ethanol-water mixtures as a function of decreasing temperature, so that such diffraction data are now available over the entire composition range. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations show that the all-atom interatomic potentials applied are adequate for gaining insight into the hydrogen-bonded network structure, as well as into its changes on cooling. Various tools have been exploited for revealing details concerning hydrogen bonding, as a function of decreasing temperature and ethanol concentration, like determining the H-bond acceptor and donor sites, calculating the cluster-size distributions and cluster topologies, and computing the Laplace spectra and fractal dimensions of the networks. It is found that 5-membered hydrogen-bonded cycles are dominant up to an ethanol mole fraction xeth = 0.7 at room temperature, above which the concentrated ring structures nearly disappear. Percolation has been given special attention, so that it could be shown that at low temperatures, close to the freezing point, even the mixture with 90% ethanol (xeth = 0.9) possesses a three-dimensional (3D) percolating network. Moreover, the water subnetwork also percolates even at room temperature, with a percolation transition occurring around xeth = 0.5.Pulsed laser melting in liquid (PLML) is a technique to produce submicrometer spherical particles (SMPs). In this process, raw particles dispersed in liquid are selectively heated, and thermally induced nanobubbles (TINBs) at the particle surface are generated and act as a thermal barrier to enhance the temperature increase during heating. However, monitoring TINBs is difficult since PLML is a low-temperature, nonplasma process. Simple transmittance measurements of monodisperse Au SMP (250 nm) colloidal solutions on a transient time scale were used to monitor the temporal dependence of the TINB thickness and the pressure within the bubble. By applying this technique for ZnO and Sn SMP formation, TINBs in the PLML process are important in promoting the formation of large particles via particle merging during laser heating.Hairdressers may be differentially exposed to phthalates through hair salon services provided and products used, yet no U.S. studies have investigated these exposures in this population. We characterized concentrations and exposure determinants to nine phthalate metabolites in postshift urine samples among 23 hairdressers from three Black and three Dominican salons, as well as a comparison group of 17 female office workers from the Maryland/Washington D.C. metropolitan area. Overall, hairdressers had higher metabolite concentrations than office workers. The geometric mean (GM) for monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was 10 times higher in hairdressers (161.4 ng/mL) than office workers (15.3 ng/mL). Hairdressers providing select services and using certain products had higher GM MEP concentrations than those who did not permanent waves/texturizing (200.2 vs 115.4 ng/mL), chemical straightening/relaxing (181.6 vs 92.1 ng/mL), bleaching (182.3 vs 71.6 ng/mL), permanent hair color (171.9 vs 83.2 ng/mL), and Brazilian blowout/keratin treatments (181.4 vs 134.6 ng/mL). Interestingly, hairdressers providing natural services had lower GM MEP concentrations than those who did not twists (129.1 vs 215.8 ng/mL), sister locs/locs (86.0 vs 241.9 ng/mL), and afros (94.7 vs 203.9 ng/mL). Larger studies are warranted to confirm our findings and identify disparities in occupational phthalate exposures.In this work, lignin/chitosan nanoparticles (Lig/Chi NPs) with controlled structures were synthesized in a simple and scalable microfluidic system. When the positively charged chitosan and the negatively charged lignin solution were blended in a microreactor, Lig/Chi NPs were rapidly formed via the electrostatic coassembly between the amino groups of chitosan and the carboxyl groups of lignin. The ζ potential changes from negative (-13 mV) to positive (+54.5 mV) for Lig NPs and Lig/Chi NPs, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrated that Lig/Chi NPs have an average particle size of about 180 nm, which can be used as nanocarriers for drug delivery. The anticancer drug nanoparticles with docetaxel (DTX) and curcumin (CCM) were prepared by coassembly with Lig/Chi NPs in a microreactor, which had good drug loading efficiency, biocompatibility, and can release drugs in response to pH in the weakly acidic environment of the tumor. The drug release amounts in acidic solutions that simulated the tumor microenvironment were 51% (DTX@Lig/Chi NPs) and 50% (CCM@Lig/Chi NPs), respectively, which were better than the release amounts at pH 7.4, and have an obvious killing effect on HeLa cells.Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), responsible for the synthesis of acetylcholine, plays an important role in neurotransmission. However, no method to visualize the ChAT activity in tissues has been reported to date. In this study, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was used to visualize ChAT activity in situ, which is difficult with conventional enzyme histochemistry. By using choline chloride-trimethyl-d9 (choline-d9) as a substrate and simultaneously supplying an inhibitor of cholinesterase to tissues, we succeeded in directly visualizing the ChAT activity in the rodent brain and spinal cord. The findings revealed heterogeneous ChAT activity in the striatum of the mouse brain and in the spinal lower motor neurons that connect the anterior horn to the ventral root. Furthermore, extending the developed method to spinal cord injury (SCI) model mice revealed the site-specific effect of primary and secondary injury on ChAT activity. This study shows that the MSI-based enzyme histochemistry of ChAT could be a useful tool for studying cholinergic neurons.Although denitrification-dependent chemolithotrophic sulfur oxidizers proliferated in tsunami-deposited marine sediment with nitrate amendment, their ecophysiological roles in biogeochemical carbon transfer are not addressed. We employed time-resolved high-sensitivity 13C-bicarbonate probing of rRNA to unveil the carbon fixation and resulting trophic relationship of the nitrate-amended sediment microorganisms. PCI-34051 chemical structure Nitrate reduction and sulfur oxidation co-occurred along with significant decreases in the 13CO2 and dissolved bicarbonate concentrations for the first 4 days of the incubation, during which the denitrification-dependent sulfur-oxidizing chemolithotrophs, i.e., the Sulfurimonas sp. HDS01 and Thioalkalispira sp. HDS22 relatives, and the sulfate-reducing heterotrophs, i.e., the Desulfobulbus spp. and Desulfofustis glycolicus relatives, actively incorporated 13C. These indicated that the sulfur oxidizers and sulfate reducers were tightly associated with each other through the direct carbon transfer. Relatives of the fermentative Thalassomonas sediminis and the hydrolytic Pararheinheimera aquatica, in addition to various sulfur-cycling microorganisms, significantly assimilated 13C at day 14. Although the incorporation of 13C was not detected, a syntrophic volatile-fatty-acid oxidizer and hydrogenotrophic methanogens significantly expressed their 16S rRNA molecules at day 21, indicating the metabolic activation of these final decomposers under the latter nutrient-limited conditions. The results demonstrated the nitrate-driven trophic association of sulfur-cycling microorganisms and the subsequent microbial activation and diversification, triggering the restoration of the marine ecosystem function.Droplets impacting solid surfaces is ubiquitous in nature and of practical importance in numerous industrial applications. For liquid-repelling applications, rigidity-based asymmetric redistribution and flexibility-based structural oscillation strategies have been proven on artificial surfaces; however, these are limited by strict impacting positioning. Here, we show that the gap between these two strategies can be bridged by a flexibility-patterned design similar to a trampoline park. Such a flexibility-patterned design is realized by three-dimensional projection micro-stereolithography and is shown to enhance liquid repellency in terms of droplet impalement resistance and contact time reduction. This is the first demonstration of the synergistic effect obtained by a hybrid solution that exploits asymmetric redistribution and structural oscillation in liquid-repelling applications, paving the rigidity-flexibility cooperative way of wettability tuning. Also, the flexibility-patterned surface is applied to accelerate liquid evaporation.Effective recycling of spent Li metal anodes is an urgent need for energy/resource conservation and environmental protection, making Li metal batteries more affordable and sustainable. For the first time, we explore a unique sustainable healable lithium alloy anode inspired by the intrinsic healing ability of liquid metal. This lithium alloy anode can transform back to the liquid state through Li-completed extraction, and then the structure degradation generated during operation could be healed. Therefore, an ultralong cycle life of more than 1300 times can be successfully realized under harsh conditions of 5 mA h cm-2 capacitance by a process of two healing behaviors. This design improves the sustainable utilization of Li metal to a great extent, bringing about unexpected effects in the field of lithium-based anodes even at an unprecedentedly high discharge current density (up to 25 mA cm-2) and capacity (up to 50 mA h cm-2).The present study investigated the mechanisms by which large- and small-sized nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA) suppressed Fusarium-induced wilt disease in tomato. Both nHA sizes at 9.3 mg/L (low) and 46.5 mg/L (high dose) phosphorus (P) were foliar-sprayed on Fusarium-infected tomato leaf surfaces three times. Diseased shoot mass was increased by 40% upon exposure to the low dose of large-sized nHA compared to disease controls. Exposure to both nHA sizes significantly elevated phenylalanine ammonialyase activity and total phenolic content in Fusarium-infected shoots by 30-80% and 40-68%, respectively. Shoot salicylic acid content was also increased by 10-45%, suggesting the potential relationship between antioxidant and phytohormone pathways in nHA-promoted defense against fungal infection. Exposure to the high dose of both nHA sizes increased the root P content by 27-46%. A constrained analysis of principal coordinates suggests that high dose of both nHA sizes significantly altered the fatty acid profile in diseased tomato. Particularly, the diseased root C183 content was increased by 28-31% in the large-sized nHA treatments, indicating that nHA remodeled the cell membrane as part of defense against Fusarium infection. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the important role of nHA in promoting disease suppression for the sustainable use of nHA in nanoenabled agriculture.Ion current rectification (ICR), diodelike behavior in surface-charged nanopores, shows promise in the design of delivery probes for manipulation of neural networks as it can solve diffusive leakages that might be critical in clinical and research applications. However, it has not been achieved because ICR has restrictions in nanosized dimension and low electrolyte concentration, and rectification direction is inappropriate for delivery. Herein, we present a polyelectrolyte gel-filled (PGF) micropipette harnessing inverted ICR as a delivery probe, which quantitatively transports glutamate to stimulate primary cultured neurons with high efficiency while minimizing leakages. Since the gel works as an ensemble of numerous surface-charged nanopores, the current is rectified in the micro-opening and physiological environment. By extending the charge-selective region using the gel, inverted ICR is generated, which drives outward deliveries of major charge carriers. This study will help in exploring new aspects of ICR and broaden its applications for advanced chemical delivery.
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