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For Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus, feeding behaviour, as well as overall activity, was negatively affected. Ecological Impact Assessments are therfore needed wherever there are significant increases in traffic flow, and not just when new roads are built. Further research is required to identify effective mitigation strategies, to delineate the zone of influence of road noise, and to assess whether there is any habituation over time. BACKGROUND Most prior studies adopted a static residence-based approach in the assessment of noise exposure, which may lead to biased exposure estimates and misleading findings in noise-health relationships. Relatively little is known about personal noise exposure based on individuals' space-time behavior and its effect on mental health. OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze and geo-visualize personal exposure to noise in various microenvironments based on individuals' space-time trajectories at a very fine resolution and to further investigate the relationships between mental health and personal noise exposure at both the activity/travel episode level and the entire day level. METHODS Individual-level real-time data were collected with portable noise sensors and GPS trackers from a sample of 117 residents aged 18-60 years old from December 2017 to February 2018 in Beijing, China. Descriptive statistics and geo-visualization methods were used to examine how personal noise exposure varied across different actirongly depend on different space-time behaviors and individual-specific microenvironments experienced in daily life, and they were significantly correlated with mental health. In order to investigate pollution level, chemical speciation and health risk of exposure to heavy metals in street dust from smelting district, we carried the following studies (a). the differences in the morphology of street dust in smelting and non-smelting districts using a scanning electron microscope; (b). the chemical speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in Pb (5.08%), respectively. Hand-to-mouth ingestion poses the greatest non-carcinogenic exposure risk compared with other exposure pathways. When bioavailability is taken into account, children experienced higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of dust exposure compared with adults, and the less then 63 μm particles posed greater risks than less then 100 μm particles. The complexity and the mechanistic role of microbial communities at mucosal surfaces are only now beginning to be understood. Their impact on host metabolism, development, and immune responses to infectious and inert stimuli may be centrally linked to the metabolic functions of these communities within the established microbiome. The structure and function of microbial communities are influenced both early and throughout life by many environmental factors, exposures, diet, and disease. Understanding how the microbiome influences the host during health is likely just as important as understanding how it influences asthmatic disease predisposition and severity. BACKGROUND Crowdfunding has become a unique response to the challenge of health care expenses, yet it has been rarely studied by the medical community. We looked to describe the scope of crowdfunding in thyroid surgery and analyze the factors that contribute toward a successful campaign. METHODS In November 2018, active campaigns were retrieved from a popular crowdfunding Web site using search terms thyroidectomy and thyroid surgery and filtered to include only campaigns that originated in the United States. RESULTS About 1052 thyroid surgery-related campaigns were analyzed. About 836 (79.5%) involved female patients and 43 (4.1%) pediatric patients. About 792 campaigns (75.3%) referred to thyroid cancer as a primary condition, 163 (15.5%) benign thyroid disease, and 97 (9.2%) other conditions. The average amount raised per campaign was $2514.54 (range, $0-$53,160). About 338 (32.1%) campaigns were self-posted, 317 (30.1%) posted by family, and 397 (37.7%) posted by friends. Median campaign duration was 20 mo, with a median number of 16 donors, 17 hearts, and 136 social media shares. Campaigns related to thyroid cancer raised more funds ($2729.97) than benign ($1669.84) or other ($2175.03) conditions (P less then 0.001). Campaigns submitted by friends ($3524.78) received more funding than those by self ($1672.48) or family ($2147.19) (P less then 0.001). Campaign duration, donor number, share number, and hearts were also significant predictors of amount raised. CONCLUSIONS For thyroid surgery-related crowdfunding, campaigns referring to thyroid cancer had the highest amount of funds raised. Campaigns created by friends and other factors related to increased community engagement such as social media shares were also related to increased funds. BACKGROUND Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4; lubricin) is a member of two gene co-expression network modules associated with human vein graft failure. selleck However, little is known about PRG4 and the vascular system. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) on cell migration and proliferation in human veins. METHODS Effects of rhPRG4 on cell migration, proliferation, and neointima formation were determined in human venous tissue and cultured venous smooth muscle cells (SMCs), adventitial cells, and endothelial cells. Expression of PRG4 by cultured human saphenous veins, failed vein grafts, and varicose veins was determined by immunostaining or Western blotting. RESULTS Limited expression of PRG4 in fresh saphenous veins was dramatically increased around medial SMCs after culture ex vivo. rhPRG4 inhibited the migration of cultured SMCs, adventitial cells, and endothelial cells, as well as the proliferation of endothelial cells. rhPRG4 also inhibited the migration of SMCs and adventitial cells from tissue explants, but there was no effect on cell proliferation or neointima formation in ex vivo whole veins. Finally, PRG4 was largely absent in two examples of venous pathology, that is, failed human vein grafts and varicose veins. CONCLUSIONS Although rhPRG4 can inhibit the migration of venous SMCs, endothelial cells, and adventitial cells, and the proliferation of endothelial cells, PRG4 was only increased around medial SMCs in veins after ex vivo culture. PRG4 was not observed around medial SMCs in failed human vein grafts and varicose veins, suggesting the possibility that a failure of PRG4 upregulation may promote these pathologies.
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