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Women have historically been under-represented in clinical research, but the extent to which this is true for substance use disorder (SUD) trials is unknown. We aimed to determine the ratio of femalemale participation in clinical trials for SUDs and describe the reporting of sex-specific outcomes from 2010 to 2019.

A retrospective cohort review of clinical trials involving people with SUD.

United States.

Clinical trials including people with SUD registered in clinicaltrials.gov and completed between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019 were reviewed. Trials were excluded if they had < 30 participants, focused on SUD prevention, were conducted outside the United States and/or did not report data on participant sex or gender.

The following were extracted for each trial primary outcome, number of participants enrolled, analytical sample size, percentage of participants who were female, inclusion of transgender participants, whether sex-based analyses were performed, funding source, type of SUD and ty for alcohol, nicotine and illicit substance use disorders completed between 2010 and 2019 showed that females were enrolled at lower rates than males overall. Only 8% of the trials reviewed reported sex-specific analyses and 1.5% reported transgender participants.
A review of 316 US clinical trials for alcohol, nicotine and illicit substance use disorders completed between 2010 and 2019 showed that females were enrolled at lower rates than males overall. Only 8% of the trials reviewed reported sex-specific analyses and 1.5% reported transgender participants.
Recent studies indicate disrupted functional mechanisms of salience network (SN) regions-right anterior insula, left anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex-in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the underlying anatomical and molecular mechanisms in these regions are not clearly understood yet. It is also unknown whether integration of multimodal-anatomical and molecular-markers could predict cognitive impairment better in MCI.

Herein we quantified anatomical volumetric markers via structural MRI and molecular amyloid markers via PET with Pittsburgh compound B in SN regions of MCI (n=33) and healthy controls (n=27). From these markers, we built support vector machine learning models aiming to estimate cognitive dysfunction in MCI.

We found that anatomical markers are significantly reduced and molecular markers are significantly elevated in SN nodes of MCI compared to healthy controls (p<.05). These altered markers in MCI patients were associated with their worse cognitive performance (p<.05). Our machine learning-based modeling further suggested that the integration of multimodal markers predicts cognitive impairment in MCI superiorly compared to using single modality-specific markers.

These findings shed light on the underlying anatomical volumetric and molecular amyloid alterations in SN regions and show the significance of multimodal markers integration approach in better predicting cognitive impairment in MCI.
These findings shed light on the underlying anatomical volumetric and molecular amyloid alterations in SN regions and show the significance of multimodal markers integration approach in better predicting cognitive impairment in MCI.Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by intermittent hypoxia and sleep disruption, leading to accelerated neurodegenerative changes and cognitive decline. Serum amyloid-beta and tau proteins, which are markers for Alzheimer's disease, have been reported to increase in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. This study compared the serum levels of amyloid-beta proteins and tau proteins in 46 cognitively normal obstructive sleep apnea patients and 30 healthy controls. Sleep parameters and severity of obstructive sleep apnea were determined using overnight polysomnography. Serum levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated-tau were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea had significantly higher median serum levels of Aβ40 (121.0 versus 78.3 pg ml-1 ), Aβ42 (105.6 versus 18.6 pg ml-1 ) and total tau (168.5 versus 10.9 pg ml-1 ) than controls. Serum levels of phosphorylated-tau did not differ significantly between the two groups. Serum levels of amyloid and tau proteins correlated with parameters of nocturnal oxygen saturation. Rapid eye movement sleep was negatively correlated with total amyloid-beta proteins. We conclude that serum levels of amyloid-beta and total tau are higher in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypoxia as well as changes in sleep architecture associated with their increased levels. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea should be closely monitored for the signs of cognitive impairment. read more Obstructive sleep apnea is a modifiable risk factor, and its treatment may reverse neurodegenerative changes and prevent cognitive impairment.This study deals with the removal of doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX) antibiotic, from aqueous environment by using Prosopis juliflora activated carbon (PJAC). PJAC was synthesized by chemical activation and pyrolysis of Prosopis juliflora. It was characterized by employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The specific surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter were evaluated as 320.45 m2 /g, 0.176 cm3 /g, and 2.65 nm, respectively. Different functional groups (O-H, C-O, C=C, C-N, and C-C) present on PJAC promoted the adsorption of DOX. The influence of various adsorption parameters suggested by central composite design (CCD) model was determined using response surface methodology (RSM), and interactive effects of these were optimized. The thermodynamic and kinetic studies performed at optimized conditions, exhibited that adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The experimental data were well described with Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, and Freundlich isotherm models while kinetics data were well described by pseudo second order. The excellent interactions between the PJAC and DOX resulted maximum adsorption capacity as 57.11 mg/g. The adsorption mechanisms was dominated by π - π interactions and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, almost complete encapsulation of DOX was achieved by stabilization of exhausted PJAC. PRACTITIONER POINTS A wild harmful plant Prosopis juliflora was used to synthesize a low-cost and eco-friendly bio-sorbent PJAC. Adsorptive ability of PJAC was quantified for adsorption of DOX antibiotic from its aqueous solution. DOX uptake on PJAC was mainly governed by л-л EDA interactions and hydrogen bonding.Plant height (PH) is an important trait affecting the plant architecture, seed yield, and harvest index. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PH heterosis remain unclear. In addition, useful PH-related genes must be urgently identified to facilitate ideal plant architecture breeding in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the present study, to explore rice quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and heterosis-related loci of PH in rice, we developed a high-generation (>F15 ) population of 272 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a cross of two elite varieties, Luohui 9 (indica/xian) × RPY geng (japonica/geng), and two testcross hybrid populations derived from the crosses of RILs and two cytoplasmic male sterile lines (YTA [indica] and Z7A [japonica]). Using deep resequencing data, a high-density genetic map containing 4758 bin markers was constructed, with a total map distance of 2356.41 cM. Finally, 31 PH-related QTLs for different PH component lengths or tiller numbers across five seasons were identified. Two major envd offer multiple highly reliable gene targets for breeding rice varieties with ideal architecture and high yield potential in the immediate future.This study sought to identify a reference tissue-based quantification approach for improving the statistical power in detecting changes in brain glucose metabolism, amyloid, and tau deposition in Alzheimer's disease studies. A total of 794, 906, and 903 scans were included for 18 F-FDG, 18 F-florbetapir, and 18 F-flortaucipir, respectively. Positron emission tomography (PET) and T1-weighted images of participants were collected from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative database, followed by partial volume correction. The standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) calculated from the cerebellum gray matter, centrum semiovale, and pons were evaluated at both region of interest (ROI) and voxelwise levels. The statistical power of reference tissues in detecting longitudinal SUVR changes was assessed via paired t-test. In cross-sectional analysis, the impact of reference tissue-based SUVR differences between cognitively normal and cognitively impaired groups was evaluated by effect sizes Cohen's d and two sample t-test adjusted by age, sex, and education levels. The average ROI t values of pons were 86.62 and 38.40% higher than that of centrum semiovale and cerebellum gray matter in detecting glucose metabolism decreases, while the centrum semiovale reference tissue-based SUVR provided higher t values for the detection of amyloid and tau deposition increases. The three reference tissues generated comparable d images for 18 F-FDG, 18 F-florbetapir, and 18 F-flortaucipir and comparable t maps for 18 F-florbetapir and 18 F-flortaucipir, but pons-based t map showed superior performance in 18 F-FDG. In conclusion, the tracer-specific reference tissue improved the detection of 18 F-FDG, 18 F-florbetapir, and 18 F-flortaucipir PET SUVR changes, which helps the early diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and therapeutic response in Alzheimer's disease.The ongoing outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and poses a threat to public health and National economic development. Rapid and high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection without the need of RNA extraction and amplification remain a key challenge. In this study, a new SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection strategy using a microfluidic biochip for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 without RNA extraction and amplification was developed. This new strategy takes advantage of the specific SARS-CoV-2 RNA and probe DNA reaction in the microfluidic channel, fluorescence signal regulation by nanomaterials, and accurate sample control by the microfluidic chip. It presents an ultralow limit of detection of 600 copies mL-1 in a large linear detection regime from 1 aM to 100 fM. Fifteen samples were simultaneously detected in 40 min without the need for RNA purification and amplification. The detection accuracy of the strategy was validated through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), with a recovery of 99-113 %. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection strategy proposed in this study can potentially be used for the quantitative diagnosis of viral infectious diseases.
Changes in cerebral perfusion occur early in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, though whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be altered by therapy is unknown. We sought to characterize the time course of change in CBF (cerebral vascular reactivity [CVR]), following intravenous (IV) acetazolamide (ACZ) in whole brain and within various gray and white matter brain regions in MS patients.

We enrolled five relapsing MS patients on injectable therapies. Participants received a 1000mg IV bolus of ACZ and CBF was measured using pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling MRI. To quantify differences in time course between patients, we calculated the numerical integration of CVR over time using the trapezoidal rule to estimate area under the curve (AUC
).

A change in whole brain CBF of 30%-65% was seen in all participants at 15minutes after ACZ challenge. CBF increases >20% above baseline were sustained for 90minutes within whole-brain, normal-appearing white matter and total T2-hyperintense lesioned tissue.
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