Notes

Deceleration Trained in Group Athletics: Yet another Probable 'Vaccine' pertaining to Sports-Related Harm?
Many scientific studies, especially in the biomedical sciences, generate data measured simultaneously over a multitude of units, over a period of time, and under different conditions or combinations of factors. Often, an important question of interest asked relates to which units behave similarly under different conditions, but measuring the variation over time complicates the analysis significantly. In this article we address such a problem arising from a gene expression study relating to bone aging, and develop a Bayesian statistical method that can simultaneously detect and uncover signals on three levels within such data factorial, longitudinal, and transcriptional. Our model framework considers both cluster and time-point-specific parameters and these parameters uniquely determine the shapes of the temporal gene expression profiles, allowing the discovery and characterization of latent gene clusters based on similar underlying biological mechanisms. Our methodology was successfully applied to discover transcriptional networks in a microarray data set comparing the transcriptomic changes that occurred during bone aging in male and female mice expressing one or both copies of the bromodomain (Brd2) gene, a transcriptional regulator which exhibits an age-dependent sex-linked bone loss phenotype.
The college years mark a critical period for experiencing multiple stressors and mental health problems. This study applied minority stress theory to examine adverse childhood events (ACEs) and experiences of racial discrimination, and their relationships to depressive symptoms among racially/ethnically diverse college students.

We analyzed cross-sectional data from 2,685 college students attending seven colleges/universities in the state of Georgia. Measures included sociodemographics, ACEs, experiences of racial discrimination, and depressive symptoms.

Participants' average age was 20.51 (SD=1.94) years; 63.9% were female, 21.9% Black, and 7.8% Hispanic. Multivariable regression indicated that more ACEs predicted more experiences of racial discrimination, and both ACEs and discrimination experiences predicted greater depressive symptoms (p's<.001). Experiencing more ACEs was associated with being older, female, sexual minorities, White (vs. Asian), Hispanic, having less educated parents, and students at public colleges/universities or technical colleges (vs. private colleges/universities, p's<.05). More reports of racial discrimination were associated with being sexual and/or racial/ethnic minorities (p's<.05). Greater depressive symptoms were associated with being younger, female, sexual minorities, White (vs. Black), and students from public (vs. private) colleges/universities (p's<.01).

College campuses should provide resources to address ACEs, racial discrimination, and mental health to support students' academic and psychosocial success.
College campuses should provide resources to address ACEs, racial discrimination, and mental health to support students' academic and psychosocial success.
The purpose of the current study was to examine how the morphological structure of a real word or novel word affected the incidental vocabulary learning of participants and to examine how these target items are processed as they are read. In addition, we examined the roles of vocabulary depth and breadth in the process of incidental vocabulary learning.

We had participants read short passages that contained real words or novel words that differed on their morphological accessibility as we collected eye movement data. Participants also completed several vocabulary depth and breadth measures.

Accessible real words and novel words were learned better than inaccessible and less accessible items, but there was a processing cost associated with accessible real words compared with inaccessible real words. In contrast, participants spent more time on the less accessible novel words compared with accessible novel words, but that extra processing time did not translate into better acquisition scores. Finally, both vocabulary breadth and depth explained variance in incidental vocabulary acquisition, while breadth explained variance in gaze duration and depth explained variance in regressive eye movements.

Accessibility of the targets affected both acquisition and reading time, and depth and breadth are both individual differences that explain variance in incidental acquisition and the processing of those words.
Accessibility of the targets affected both acquisition and reading time, and depth and breadth are both individual differences that explain variance in incidental acquisition and the processing of those words.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1007/s12088-020-00883-6.].β-Galactosidase is a crucial glycoside hydrolase enzyme with potential applications in the dairy, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The enzyme is produced in the intracellular environment by bacteria and yeast. The present study reports yeast Kluyveromyces sp. PCH397 isolated from yak milk, which has displayed extracellular β-galactosidase activity in cell-free supernatant through the growth phase. To investigate further, cell counting and methylene blue staining of culture collected at different growth stages were performed and suggested for possible autolysis or cell lysis, thereby releasing enzymes into the extracellular medium. The maximum enzyme production (9.94 ± 2.53U/ml) was achieved at 37 °C in a modified deMan, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium supplemented with lactose (1.5%) as a carbon source. The enzyme showed activity at a wide temperature range (4-50 °C), maximum at 50 °C in neutral pH (7.0). In addition to the hydrolysis of lactose (5.0%), crude β-galactosidase also synthesized vital prebiotics (i.e., lactulose and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)). Additionally, β-fructofuranosidase (FFase) activity in the culture supernatant ensued the synthesis of a significant prebiotic, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Hence, the unique features such as extracellular enzymes production, efficient lactose hydrolysis, and broad temperature functionality by yeast isolate PCH397 are of industrial relevance. In conclusion, the present study unrevealed for the first time, extracellular production of β-galactosidase from a new yeast source and its applications in milk lactose hydrolysis and synthesis of valuable prebiotics of industrial importance.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-021-00955-1.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-021-00955-1.The blood pathogens of grasserie caused by Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus BmNPV have a serious impact on the sericulture industry. To understand the genetic status of BmNPV endemic strains in the Yunnan sericulture region, the structure and complete genome sequence of BmNPV isolated from Baoshan city of Yunnan Province were described and compared to known strains. The BmNPV-Baoshan isolate was a nucleopolyhedrovirus parasitized in silkworm larvae. Its genome has 128, 452 bp with a G + C content of 40.4%. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the virus with China BmNPV isolates; BmNPV-Baoshan was closely related to BomaNPV-S1 (both strains originated from the same ancestor). BmNPV-Baoshan strain has bro-b gene deletion, hr1 missing 4 repeat units of 30-bp palindrome structure compared to BmNPV-T3 strain. The aim of this study was to elucidate the evolution of the virus further and provide insights for the protection of virus-induced hematologic sepsis.Considering the cases of fungal resistance to classic antifungals, it is necessary to develop more efficient and innovative therapies capable of reversing this situation. Fluconazole is an antifungal frequently used in the treatment of mycosis and some fungi developed resistance to its mechanism of action. In this work, fluconazole and green propolis were co-encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles to be explored in order to promote a synergistic effect to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. However, because of the complexity of the chemical composition of green propolis, it was necessary to develop a simple and precise methodology to quantify fluconazole in the formulation. High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography methodology was developed and validated following the Brazilian regulatory guidelines (ANVISA, RDC 166/2017) for the separation of co-eluted peaks of fluconazole and green propolis in the nanoparticle supernatant. Applying the method developed, it was possible to quantify fluconazole in the same sample containing propolis. Thus, the results allow to affirm that it is a specific test, effective, precise and robust, which helped to determine the efficiency of association of the compounds within the nanoparticle. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene cost The method can be applied to quantify compounds that have similar chromatographic retention times.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-021-00954-2.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-021-00954-2.RpoS, an alternative sigma factor of RNA polymerase, regulates the expression of a great deal of genes involved in stationary-phase survival and stress response. To identify the function of RpoS homologue in Serratia marcescens FS14, in-frame deletion mutant of rpoS was constructed. It was found that RpoS activates the biosynthesis of prodigiosin in FS14 which is just opposite to what was observed in Serratia sp. ATCC 39006. We also demonstrated that RpoS positively regulates the prodigiosin production by activating the transcription of pig cluster in FS14, and the transcription of pig cluster is RpoS-dependent. Further study showed that the differences in the promoters of pig clusters in FS14 and 39006 lead to the different selection of the sigma factors and result in the different regulation mechanisms. The -10 element and the spacer region between -10 and -35 elements of the pig cluster in FS14 are vital for the RpoS recognition in FS14.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-021-00952-4.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-021-00952-4.Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a high frequency of infection and a continental distribution in arthropods and nematodes. This endosymbiont can induce various reproductive phenotypes in their hosts and has been previously found naturally in several pests including thrips (Thripidae). These insects cause physical fruit damage and economic losses in avocado. The presence of Wolbachia was evaluated for the first time in avocado thrips populations of Frankliniella sp. and Scirtothrips hansoni sp.n. from eastern Antioquia. DNA from adult thrips individuals was used to assess the detection of Wolbachia by amplifying a fragment (600 bp) of the Wolbachia major surface protein (wsp) gene. Results confirmed the presence of two new Wolbachia strains in these two thrips species, with a higher percentage of natural infection in S. hansoni sp.n. The first Wolbachia species was found in Frankliniella sp. and belongs to supergroup A and the second was detected in S. hansoni sp.n. and is part of supergroup B.
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