Notes

Temporal-varying failures of nodes in networks.
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.The establishment of sample/S- relations (or reject control) during conditional discrimination training (AB, BC) affects transitivity (AC), equivalence (CA) and reflexivity (AA, BB, CC) test outcomes. The present study parametrically evaluated the effects of different observing patterns to comparison stimuli on the establishment of reject control during baseline conditional relation training. A matching-to-sample with observing requirements (MTS-OR) procedure was implemented during AB and BC conditional discrimination training. During training, the participants were required to observe the sample and incorrect comparison on every trial before responding. In addition, the participants were divided into three groups that differed regarding the percentage of training trials on which they were prevented from observing the correct comparison stimuli 25%, 50%, and 75%. Once the mastery criteria were achieved during training, transitivity (AC), symmetry (BA, CB), equivalence (CA), and reflexivity (AA, BB, CC) tests were conducted with all comparison stimuli visible from the beginning. The results suggest that the number of errors during transitivity, equivalence, and reflexivity tests progressively increased as participants were prevented from observing the correct comparison on a greater number of trials during training. Symmetry test results, however, were not affected by the experimental manipulation. Moreover, the number of participants showing reject-control patterns during tests slightly increased and the number of participants showing select-control patterns decreased as a function of the number of trials on which the participants were prevented from observing the correct comparison. Thus, we suggest that observing patterns during training is a relevant variable that affects equivalence test outcomes. © 2020 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.A low field strength (B0) system could increase cardiac MRI availability for patients otherwise contraindicated at higher field. Lower equipment costs could also broaden cardiac MR accessibility. The current study investigated the feasibility of cardiac function with steady-state free precession and flow assessment with phase contrast (PC) cine images at 0.35 T, and evaluated differences in myocardial relaxation times using quantitative T1, T2 and T2* maps by comparison with 1.5 and 3 T results in a small cohort of six healthy volunteers. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) differences across systems were characterized with proton density-weighted spin echo phantom data. SNR at 0.35 T was lower by factors of 5.5 and 15.0 compared with the 1.5 and 3 T systems used in this study. All cine images at 0.35 T scored 3 or greater on a five-point image quality scale. Normalized blood-myocardium contrast in cine images, left ventricular volumes (end diastolic volume, end systolic volume) and function (ejection fraction and stroke volume) measures at 0.35 T matched 1.5 and 3 T results. Phase-to-noise ratio in 0.35 T PC images (11.7 ± 1.9) was lower than 1.5 T (18.7 ± 5.2) and 3 T (44.9 ± 16.5). Peak velocity and stroke volume determined from PC images were similar across systems. Myocardial T1 increased (564 ± 13 ms at 0.35 T, 955 ± 19 ms at 1.5 T and 1200 ± 35 ms at 3 T) while T2 (59 ± 4 ms at 0.35 T, 49 ± 3 ms at 1.5 T and 40 ± 2 ms at 3 T) and T2* (42 ± 8 ms at 0.35 T, 33 ± 6 ms at 1.5 T and 24 ± 3 ms at 3 T) decreased with increasing B0. Despite SNR deficits, cardiovascular function, flow assessment and myocardial relaxation parameter mapping is feasible at 0.35 T using standard cardiovascular imaging sequences. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in premature infants, characterized by alveolar simplification, surfactant deficiency, and respiratory distress. In the present study, we have investigated the functional roles of sumoylated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) in the BPD rat model. A significant increase in small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) and sumoylated C/EBPα protein levels were observed in BPD rats, and the levels of the sumoylated C/EBPα were associated with the pulmonary surfactant proteins (SPs). In order to confirm the role of sumoylated C/EBPα in BPD rats, SUMO1 was knocked down by lentiviral transfection of neonatal rat lungs with SUMO1-RNAi-LV. We found that the expression of C/EBPα and surfactant proteins increased following SUMO1 knockdown. Furthermore, the relatively low decrease in the levels of C/EBPα sumoylation was correlated with reduced glycogen consumption. Besides, co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that sumoylation is involved in the regulation of the interaction between C/EBPα and TGFβ2 in the lung. In conclusion, our findings indicate that sumoylation may act as a negative regulator of the C/EBPα-mediated transactivation in BPD rats. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a nervous system abnormality that may be caused by unknown exposures during fetal development. Studies have shown neuroprotective effects of early exposure to vitamin D in other neurological disorders, and seasonal variation in birth of children with epilepsy. We aimed to investigate if neonatal 25(OH)D3 was associated with risk of childhood epilepsy. METHODS This case-cohort study compared neonatal 25(OH)D3 levels from children with epilepsy (n = 403) and a random selected cohort of controls (n = 1163), assessing the hazard of first epilepsy diagnosis between 1 and 4 years of age from a weighted Cox proportional hazard model. Analyses were adjusted for parental education, maternal age, maternal epilepsy, maternal ethnicity, and gestational age, and additionally for season of birth and smoking during pregnancy. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation [SD]) of neonatal 25(OH)D3 levels were 30.8(19.6) nmol/L among cases and 28.5(19.4) nmol/L among the cohort. The hazard ratio (HR) of epilepsyetal origin of epilepsy should focus on compounds correlating with vitamin D. © 2020 International League Against Epilepsy.The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly increasing worldwide. Obesity, physical inactivity and ageing increase the risk of T2D. Epigenetic modifications can change due to environmental exposures and may thereby predispose to disease. This review aims at summarizing recent advances in epigenetics related to T2D, with a special focus on impaired insulin action and secretion in humans. There will be an emphasis on analyses in human tissues; both from T2D case-control cohorts and intervention studies. Current data support an important role for epigenetics in the pathogenesis of T2D. Numerous studies have found differential DNA methylation and gene expression in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, the liver and pancreatic islets from subjects with T2D compared with nondiabetic controls. For example, PDX1 has increased DNA methylation and decreased expression in pancreatic islets from patients with T2D compared with nondiabetic controls. Nongenetic risk factors for T2D such as ageing, unhealthy diets and ph Journal of Internal Medicine.BACKGROUND Pruritus is one of the most common problems in patients suffering from chronic renal failure. Of all End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, 60%-80% usually complain of pruritus during their life. AIM The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Gabapentin and Hydroxyzine in treating pruritus in dialysis patients. METHODS In a double blind randomized clinical trial, 32 dialysis patients with pruritus were assigned randomly to receive either Gabapentin or Hydroxyzine for six weeks, with a washout period of two weeks apart. One group received Gabapentin capsule (100mg) and another group received Hydroxyzine 25 mg orally per day for six weeks. After the six weeks period patients were crosses over and followed for six weeks again. The Pruritus Scale questionnaire was used to measure the Pruritus in two groups before and after the first and second six weeks. RESULTS In the first six weeks, the severity of pruritus in Gabapentin group decreased from 7.1±1.46 at baseline to 2.17±1.82 at six weeks later (p=0.001) and in Hydroxyzine group decreased from 6.83±2.11 at baseline to 2.86±1.67 at six weeks later (p=0.001). In the second six weeks, the severity of pruritus in Gabapentin group decreased from 5.1±1.61 at baseline to 1.56±0.82 at six weeks later (p=0.002) and in Hydroxyzine group decreased from 5.23±2.11 at baseline to 2.1±1.87 at six weeks later (p=0.001). CONCLUSION Results showed that, both Hydroxyzine and Gabapentin significantly improved and controlled pruritus in dialysis patients but no significant difference was observed between two drugs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVES To evaluate the responsiveness of measures of pain and oral health-related quality of life (OH-QoL) in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and to determine thresholds for minimal important change (MIC) and minimal important difference (MID) for use in this patient population. METHODS Data from baseline and 4-month follow-up including Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), 15-item and 26-item Chronic Oral Mucosal Disease Questionnaire (COMDQ-15; COMDQ-26) were collected from 157 patients with OLP. see more Responsiveness was assessed by testing hypotheses and calculating the area under the curve. MIC and MID were established based on triangulation of distribution-based and anchor-based estimates. RESULTS The results supported adequate responsiveness of VAS, NRS, COMDQ-15 and COMDQ-26 for use in OLP while the OHIP-14 demonstrated relatively low sensitivity to detect improvement in the OLP status. Recommended meaningful improvement thresholds were as follows VAS (MIC 16 mm; MID 18 mm), NRS (MIC/MID 2 points), OHIP-14 (MIC/MIC 5 points), COMDQ-15 (MIC 5 points; MID 6 points), and COMDQ-26 (MIC/MID 9 points). CONCLUSION This study provides some evidence of responsiveness as well as establishing meaningful improvement thresholds in scores of pain and OH-QoL measures in OLP. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of the study? Neural adaptations to resistance training are known to be task-specific, however adaptation to resistance training using compound movements are typically assessed in a single-limb isometric task. This study aimed to assess whether corticospinal responses to acute and short-term squat resistance training are task-specific. What is the main finding and its importance? A single bout of resistance training increased spinal excitability, however no changes in corticospinal responses were noted following 4 weeks of squat training despite task-specific increases in strength. The present data suggest that processes along the corticospinal pathway of the knee-extensors play a limited role in the task-specific increase in strength following resistance training. ABSTRACT Neural adaptations subserving strength increases have been shown to be task-specific, however responses and adaptation to lower-limb compound exercises such as the squat are commonly assessed in a single-limb isometric task.
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