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Acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO): a pictorial report on multimodal imaging studies.
Our hypothesis created a new type of drug sustained release system, which has high research value for improving the osseointegration of implants.Over the past years many theories of carcinogenesis have been developed. Nowadays, there are two prevalent theories of carcinogenesis - two-hit hypothesis, which considers mutations as the main factor in malignization and tissue hypothesis, which considers tissue homeostasis disruption for providing cells transformation. Both of these theories explain cancer origin basing on principles of the reactivity paradigm. This paradigm emphasizes role of different stimuli in malignization. However, this approach does not provide us with sufficient support in progress towards either understanding of cancer origin or effective treatment strategies. In contrast to the reactivity paradigm, we intend to explain oncogenesis within the activity paradigm. Upon this approach, cells' activity is goal-directed and is determined by a future event - the adaptive result. The adaptive result is a proper interaction between the cell and its environment, which provides the cell with required metabolites. To achieve this result cells have to cooperate with each other and synchronize their needs. If cells fail to satisfy their metabolic 'needs' they have to reorganize their activity. This results in morpho-functional restructuring of cells. Summing up, we consider carcinogenesis to be a part of goal-directed adaptive activity of cells. Morphological and genetic atypia of cancer cells is a variant reorganization of cells' activity. Consequently, for better treatment, we should bring both transforming cells and their microenvironment to a novel cooperation and reorganization of their activity.A second wave of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Covid-19) cases is widely feared. In fact resurgence of cases has been clearly observed in several countries that had seen flattening of the epidemic curve. In general, relaxation of community control measures is almost always blamed for the resurgence of cases. In this letter, the author describes an immunological explanation for the double-peaked epidemic curve of new viral diseases including Covid-19. According to this hypothesis, a second wave of cases is due to the effective innate immunity in some of the population. These individuals may later develop clinical disease upon repeated exposure. This theory claims that a double-peaked pattern of new cases in a new viral epidemic is intrinsically determined by the pattern of pathogen interaction with the host. According to this hypothesis, relaxation of the community control measures is not responsible; at least in part, for resurgence of cases.To address urgent need for strategies to limit mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), this review describes experimental, clinical and epidemiological evidence that suggests that chronic sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before infection might increase risk of COVID-19 mortality in multiple ways. Sub-optimal hydration is associated with key risk factors for COVID-19 mortality, including older age, male sex, race-ethnicity and chronic disease. Chronic hypertonicity, total body water deficit and/or hypovolemia cause multiple intracellular and/or physiologic adaptations that preferentially retain body water and favor positive total body water balance when challenged by infection. Via effects on serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) signaling, aldosterone, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and/or Na+/K+-ATPase, chronic sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before exposure to COVID-19 may conceivably result in greater abundance of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the lung, which increases likelihood of COVID-19 infection, lung epithelial cells which are pre-set for exaggerated immune response, increased capacity for capillary leakage of fluid into the airway space, and/or reduced capacity for both passive and active transport of fluid out of the airways. The hypothesized hydration effects suggest hypotheses regarding strategies for COVID-19 risk reduction, such as public health recommendations to increase intake of drinking water, hydration screening alongside COVID-19 testing, and treatment tailored to the pre-infection hydration condition. Hydration may link risk factors and pathways in a unified mechanism for COVID-19 mortality. Attention to hydration holds potential to reduce COVID-19 mortality and disparities via at least 5 pathways simultaneously.The arterial system is a closed loop and the pressure within this loop reflects cardiac output, resistance to outflow, volume of fluid within the circulation and stiffness of the arterial wall. Increased resistance to outflow or Bayliss's phenomena cannot be the cause of essential hypertension as it reverses with treatment of hypertension. There is no evidence for increased cardiac output in essential hypertension. Increased blood volume contributes to hypertension in obesity just as it does in hypertension secondary to renal failure. The principle cause of essential hypertension is increasing stiffness of the arterial wall. This is a consequence of arteriosclerosis that commences in utero and progressively increases in severity with increasing age. AUPM-170 Arteriosclerotic arterial wall stiffening antedates the onset of essential hypertension by decades. It not only explains the increasing incidence of essential hypertension with increasing age, but it is the only thing that fulfils Koch's first postulate and that is it is present in 100% of individuals with essential hypertension.As the current COVID-19 pandemic develops and epidemiological data reveals differences in geographical spread as well as risk factors for developing a severe course of illness, hypotheses regarding possible underlying mechanisms need to be developed and tested. In our hypothesis, we explore the rational for a role of MTHFR polymorphism C677T as a possible explanation for differences in geographical and gender distribution in disease severity. We also discuss the role of the resulting hyper-homocysteinemia, its interaction with the C677T polymorphism and its influence on immune state as well as risk factors for severe disease. Finally, we consider possible dietary ways to influence the underlying pathomechanisms prophylactically and supportively.
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