Notes

Piaget believed an infant's intellectual growth progresses in distinct stages, motivated by an innate need to know
schemas, patterns that organize our interactions with the environment
Piaget, all children progress through four stages of cognitive development:
sensorimotor stage, children acquire object permanence. During the preoperational stage, children are better equipped to use symbols.(limited by their
lack of operations, egocentrism, and animism.),concrete operational stage, children learn to perform operations(conservation and reversibility), formal
operational stage, the adolescent is able to think abstractly and deal with hypothetical situations, but is prone to a type of adolescent egocentrism.
Vygotsky emphasized the sociocultural influences on a child's cognitive development
Harlow and his colleagues' research with monkeys raised by cloth or wire “mothers” found that contact comfort might be the most important factor in attachment.
Ainsworth found that children could be divided into three groups: Secure, anxious/avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent. Mary Main, later added a fourth category, disorganized/disoriented.
Kohlberg proposed three levels in the evolution of moral reasoning(preconventional, conventional, postconventional )
Erikson identified eight psychosocial stages
Stage One – Trust vs Mistrust. ... Stage Two – Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt. ... Stage Three – Initiative vs Guilt. ... Stage Four – Industry vs Inferiority. ... Stage Five – Identity vs Role Confusion. ... Stage Six – Intimacy vs Isolation. ... Stage Eight – Ego Integrity vs Despair.