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1. SUBJUNCTIVES (DİLEK ŞART KİPİ) // NOUN CLAUSE

FORMUL!!!

===>Subjunctive Verbs + that +subj + (should) + Vo
===> Subjunctive Adjective + that +subj + (should) + Vo
===> Subjunctive Nouns + that +subj + (should) + Vo

AÇIKLAMA!!!!!

===>İngilizcede “ that+should” gerektiren bir takım fiil , isim ve sıfatlar vardır. Bunlar çoğunlukla zorunluluk, önem, arzu ve istek anlatan fiillerdir.

===>Bu ifadelerde “should” atılır veya kullanılabilir.

===> “that+ should” yapısının önündeki fiil ister “past” ister “present time” a ait olsun “should” Modalında bir değişiklik olmayacağına göre daima yalın fiil kullanımı söz konusudur. Yani “…he stays…” yerine “… he stay…..” gibi kullanılır.

SORU: They ordered that he …………..(sleep).

a) slept b) sleeps c) sleep d) is sleeping

CEVAP: C
===>They ordered that he (should) sleep.

NOT:

=>Dilek şart kipi olan fiil , sıfat veya isim gelirse “Verbs/adjectives/nouns + that +subj + (should) + Vo” kullanılır.
=>That’den sonra gizli bir “should” varmış gibi düşünülür veya “should” da kullanılabilir.
=>Sould’dan sonra fiilin yalın hali kullanılır. Yani yukardaki örneğe bakılırsa ilk taraf past ikinci tarafın past olması gerekir ama dilek şart kipinde bu olmuyor ve present kullanılıyor.
=>Dilek şart kiplerini üç başlık altında aşağıda örnekleri ile anlaşılır.
=>Fiile “s” takısı gelmiyor dikkat edilmesi gerekir. “Sould” dan sonra yalın olmalıdır.


I. Subjunctive Verbs

Advise => öğüt vermek
Command=>emir vermek
Demand =>talap etmek
Desire =>bir şeyi çok istemek
Insist/persist=>ısrar etmek
Recommend=>tavsiye etmek
Request=>rica etmek
Stipulate=>şart koşmak
Suggest=>önermek
Command=>emir vermek

Subjunctive Verbs + that +subj + (should) + Vo

Ex1==>I insisted that he(should) go to süpermarket.(go fiili “s” takısı almaz dikkat et.)
Ex2==>The commander commanded that I (should) clean the window.
Ex3==>She advise me that I(should) work hard.


II. Subjunctive Adjectives

Important=>önemli
Vital =>hayati derecede önemli
Crucial =>önemli
Essential =>gerekli
Imperative=>zorunlu
Necessary=>gerekli

Subjunctive Adjectives + that +subj + (should) + Vo

Ex1==>It is important that she (sould) study vocabulary for YDS.
Ex2==>It was vital that they (should) call him.
Ex3==>It is imperative that you (should) stay here.

III. Subjunctive Nouns

Importance=>önem
Requirement=>ihtiyaç
Necessisty =>gereklilik
Stipulation =>koşul
Imperative=>zorunluluk

Ex1==>It is a suggestion that she (sould) work hard for promotion.
Ex2==>It is an imperative that you come here on time.

Subjunctive Nouns + that +subj + (should) + Vo




INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTED SPEECH
(AKTARMALI CÜMLE KALIPLARI=Ack)

1. IMPERATİVE(EMİR CÜMLELERİ)

Ex1=> “open the door”
Ack=>He said to me to open the door. (to V1)

Ex2=> “come to the lesson on time”
Ack=> My teacher said to me to come to the lesson on time. (to V1)

Ex3=> “Don’t speak to me”
Ack=>She said to me not to speak to her. (not to V1)

Ex4=> “Don’t interrupt him”
Ack=>My mother said to me not to interrupt him. (not to V1)

Not:Aktarma cümle kalıplarında “to V1” kullanılır.

2. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCE

=====> one tense back <====

Present==>past
Perfect==>past perfect
Past ==>past perfect
Past perfect==>past perfect

Ex1===> “I go to work every day.”
Ack===>She said to me she went to work every day.
Not: “present tense” “past tense” e dönüşüyor.

Ex2==> “ I am walking around in Erzurum now”
Ack==>He said to her he was walking around in Erzurum then.
Not: “present continuous tense” “past continuous tense” e dönüşüyor.


Ex3==> “She slept a lot yesterday.”
Ack==>My father said that she had slept a lot the day before.
Not: “past tense” “past perfect tense” e dönüşüyor.

Ex4==> “She has worked over these projects for 3 mounths.”
Ack==>He claimed that she had worked over these projects for 3 mounths.
NOT: “said / claimed / mentioned /determined /told” bunlar aktarma cümle kalıplarında kullanılır.

Ex5==> “I will explain this unit to you tomorrow.”
Ack==>He mentioned that he would explain that(this dönüşümü) unit to me the following day.
NOT: “one tense back” olunca “will” yerine “would” kullanılır.

Ex6==> “I can play guitar well”
Ack==>She said to me I could play guitar well
NOT: “one tense back” olunca “can” yerine “could” kullanılır.

Ex7==> “While they were talking about the accident, he suddenly arrived.”
Ack==>She claimed that while they had been talking about the accident, he suddenly had arrived.
NOT: Bu uzun cümlelerin zamanlarına dikkat edilmelidir. Zaman sorusu sorulabilir. İki tarafında past perfect olamaz demeyiniz.

Ex8==> “She had misunderstood her mother before she called her.”
Ack==>He said that she had misunderstood her mother before she had called her.
NOT: “before” dan sonra “past perfect” olmuş dikkat.

Ex9==> “She would rather stay at home than go out”
Ack==>She said to me that she would rather stay at home than go out.
NOT: “Woul rather” de zaman değişmez aynı kalır.

3. QUESTION (Y/N OR WH? QUESTIONS)

Karıştırma!!!!!!!

===>NCL=Açılımı “noun clause” demektir. Ack =Açılımı “aktarma cümle kalıpları” demektir.
===>Aşağıdakilerin hepsi NCL’dir. Fakat aradaki fark “ack” cümleyi aktarırken NCL kullanımı öteki ise normal kullanım.
===> “Ack” da zaman değişimine dikkat ediniz.

Ex1==>Do you believe in love?(present)
Ack==>She asked to me if/whether I believed in love. (past)
NCL==>I don’t know if you believe in love.(karıştırma)
NOT: Aktarma yaparken “one tense back” yapılyor yani bir zaman geriye gitme demek.

Ex2==>Are you working now? (present)
Ack==>He asked to me if/whether I was working then. (past)
NCL==>I am not sure whether you are working now.

Ex3==>Have you watched this film yet? (perfect)
Ack==>She asked whether/if I had watched that film yet. (Past perfect)
NCL==>I don’t know if you have wacthed this film yet.

Ex4==>Will she explain the reason?
Ack==>She asked if/whether she would explain the reason.
NCL==>I want to know whether she will explain the reason.
Not: “will” yerine “would” yazılır.

Ex5==>Where do you live? (present)
Ack==>She asked to me where I lived. (past)
NCL==>It is difficult to say where you live.

Ex6==>Why are you crying? (present)
Ack==>He asked to me why I was crying. (past)
NCL==>I don’t know why are you crying.

Ex6==>How long have you been sleeping? (perfect)
Ack==>She asked to me how long I had been sleeping. (past perfect)
NCL==>I am not sure how long you have been sleeping.

Ex7==>When will you come round? (will)
Ack==>He asked when I would come round. (would)
NCL==>I don’t know when you will come round.

Ex8==>Who do you live with? (soran kişi)
==>Kiminle yaşıyorsun.

Ack8==>She asked who I lived with. (aktaran kişi)
O, kim ile yaşadığımı sordu.

NCL8==>I don’t know who you live with. (soran kişi bilmiyor ama soruda sormuyor)
==>Sen kim ile yaşadığını bilmiyorum.

ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTS

1. AS + ADJECTIVE + AS (dığı kadar)

Ex1==>I am not as tall as you.
Tr1==>Ben senin kadar uzun değilim.

Ex2==>I am as young as you.
Tr2==>Ben senin kadar gencim.

2. AS + ADVERB +AS (dığı kadar)

Ex1==>She works as hard as me.
Tr1==>O, benim kadar çok çalışır.

3. SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT (O kadar ki)

Ex1==>She is so beautiful that everyone look at her.
Tr1==>O, o kadar güzel ki herkes ona bakıyor.




4. SO + ADVERB + THAT (o kadar ki)

Ex1==>She studied so ambitiously that I decided her to promote.
Tr1==>O, o kadar hırslı çalıştı ki onun terfi etmesine karar verdim.

5. SUCH + A/AN + ADJ. + NOUN +THAT (o kadar ki)

Ex1==>It is such a perfect day that I don’t want tos tay at home.
Tr1==>Bu gün o kadar güzel bir gün ki evde kalmak istemiyorum.

6. SUCH + ADJ. + A/AN + NOUN + THAT

Ex1==> It is such perfect a day that I don’t want tos tay.
Tr1==> Bu gün o kadar güzel bir gün ki evde kalmak istemiyorum.

7. THE SAME + NOUN + AS (ile aynı)

Ex1==>She is the same age as me.
Tr1==> O benim ile aynı yaşta.

8. ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + TO + V1 (yeteri kadar)

Ex1==>She is old enough to enter pubs.
Tr1==>Barlara girebilmek için yeteri kadar büyük.

9. TOO + ADJECTIVE + TO + V1

Ex1==>This house is too small tol ive.
Tr1==>Bu ev yaşamak için gereğinden fazla küçük.

NOT!!!!

===> “so/as” kalıbı “kadar” anlamı verip araya sıfat alan bir yapıdır. Ancak bu yapı sadece negatif cümlelerde kullanılır. Bu yönü ile aynı anlama gelen “as/as” kalıbından ayrılır.

SORU: Made out of the metal so that it conducts the charge, the lighting rod is usually located ……….. high …….. possible because of lightning’s tendency to strike the nearest object to it. (positive sentence)

a)so/as b) more/than
©as/as d)both/and

NOT:

===> Seçenekler analiz edildiğinde eğer “so….that” ve “such…..that” kalıpları varsa soru kökünün ikinci boşluğun devamında tam cümle olması gerekir. Aynı zamanda cümlede neden sonuç ilişkisine dikkat edilmelidir.

Ex1==>Erzurum is such an effective city that nobody wants to leave. (SVO)
Tr1==>Erzurum o kadar etkileyici ki kimse ayrılmak istemiyor. (neden sonuca dikkat edilmelir.)

Ex2==>He worked so hard that he got exhausted. (SVO)
Tr1==>O, o kadar sıkı çalıştı ki çok yoruldu. (neden sonuca dikkat edilmelir.)

ÖZET:

==> as + adj/adv + as (as tall as)
==> so + adj/adv +that (so clean that)
==> such + a/an + adj + noun +that (such a perfect day that)
==> such + adj + a/an + noun + that (such perfect a day that)
==> the same + noun +as (the same length as)
==> adj + enough + to +V1 (tall enough to reach)
==> too + adj + to + V1 (to young to come)

DİĞER KULLANIMLAR

AS …… SO……..: KULLANIMI

NOT: “so/as” kadar anlamına gelen ve cümlenin anlamı negatif olması gereken ile karıştırmayın. Bu “as….so…..” kullanımıdır.

1. -dikçe ...:
==>As the time grew shorter so his excitement mounted.
==>Zaman azaldıkça heyecanı arttı.

2. ne kadar ... o kadar ...:

==>As she loves cats, so he loves birds.
==>O ne kadar kedi severse o da aynı şekilde kuş sever.

==>As she is beautiful so also is she intelligent.
==>Güzel olduğu kadar akıllıdır da.

3. nasıl ... öyle ...;

==>As you think, so will you behave.
==>Nasıl düşünürsen öyle davranırsın.
NOT: “so” cümleyi devrik yapmış dikkat ediniz.

==>Just as I refused to go yesterday, so I shall refuse to do so today.
==>Dün gitmeyi reddettim, nitekim bugün de reddedeceğim.






SO KULLANIMI:

1. böyle, böylece; şöyle, şöylece; öyle, öylece:

==>While I was so doing the doorbell rang.
==>Böyle yaparken kapı zili çaldı.

==>Hold the knife just so.
==>Bıçağı şöyle tut.

==>So she says.
==>Öyle diyor.

2. bu kadar; şu kadar; o kadar:

==>“The table’s so long,” he said.
==>“Masa şu kadar uzun,” dedi.
==>Did you ever see a tree so lovely as this one?
==>Hiç bu kadar güzel bir ağaç gördünüz mü?

==>It was so big it wouldn’t fit in the box.
==>Kutuya sığmayacak kadar büyüktü.

==>Give me only so much.
==>Bana ancak o kadar ver.

3. de, da:

==> “They have a dog.” “So do we.”
==>“Onların köpeği var.” “Bizim de.”

4. bu yüzden, bundan dolayı; bunun sonucunda:

==>I was sitting in the back, so I couldn’t see the stage well.
==>Arkada oturuyordum; bu yüzden sahneyi iyi göremedim.

==>He told me to go, so I did.
==>Bana git dedi. Bu yüzden gittim.

5. için:

==>I gave him an apple so he would not go hungry.
==>Aç kalmaması için ona bir elma verdim.

6. E?/Ne olacak?:
==>He is made a mistake. So?
==>Bir hata yaptı. Ne olacak
     
 
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