Notes

1. WHO

I. RELATIVE CLAUSE(RLC)

=====>They are my students. They want to learn English.(2 farklı cümle)
RLC==>They are my students who want to learn English.

=====>He is our new headmaster. We have just met her.(2 farklı cümle)
RLC==>H e is our new headmaster who we have just met.(“Who+S+V+O”)

=====>The lawyer has been defending me. He is very ambitious.
RLC==>The lawyer who is very ambitious has been defending me.(“Who+V+O”)

NOT: “Who” özne yerine gelebilir. “ Who+V+O” ve ya “ Who+S+V+O(tam cümle)”

II. NOUN CLAUSE(NLC)

=====>Who does he love?(“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I don’t know who he loves. (“Who özne yerinde olmayabilir.”)

=====>Who stole the money? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I didn’t know who stole the money.(“Who özne yerinde olabilir”)

=====>Who do you live with?
NCL==> She asked to me who I lived with.

2. WHICH

I. RELATIVE CLAUSE

=====>That is my dog. It likes being rubbed. (2 farklı cümle)
RLC==>That is my dog which likes being rubbed. “ Which+V+O”

=====>This is the vase. It was broken yesterday. (2 farklı cümle)
RLC==>This is the vase which broken yesterday. “ Which+V+O”

=====>This is my dog. It is liked by us. (2 farklı cümle)
This is my dog which is liked by us. “ Which+V+O”

NOT1: “Which” özne yerine gelir. “ Which+V+O”

NOT2:Eğer “ Preposition+which” olursa tam cümle gelir. “Prep+Which+S+V+O”

II. NOUN CLAUSE

=====>Which day do you go to school? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==> I want to know which day you go to school.

=====>Which language does he speak? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I don’t know which language he speaks.

=====>Which branch did you work? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>It is difficulty to tell which branch you worked.

NOT: “Which” NCL genelde isimle kullanılır. Which soru kullanımını az çok hatırlıyorsanız yaparsınız. “Hangi gün/yıl/ay/renk/dal/bölüm/kurum vb.”

3. WHERE

I. RELATİVE CLAUSE

=====>This is the city. I like it a lot. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>This is the city where I like a lot. “Where+S+V+O”

=====>This is my school. I finished my primary education. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>this is my school where I finished my primary education. “Where+S+V+O”
==>This is my school at which I finished my primary education. “Prep+Which+S+V+O”

=====>Erzurum is the city. I was born. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>Erzurum is the city where I was born. “Where+S+V+O”
==>Erzurum is the city in which I was born. “Prep+Which+S+V+O”

NOT: “Where” ya da “Prep+Which” ardından tam cümle gelir. “Where+S+V+O” ya da “Prep+Which+S+V+O” olur. UNUTMA prepositiondan sonra where gelmez.

II. NOUN CLAUSE

=====>Where have you been living for 10 years? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I don’t know where you have been for 10 years.

=====>Where can they go? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>He wants to know where they can go.

=====>Where will they come round? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I want to know where they come round.

4. WHEN

I. RELATİVE CLAUSE

=====>April is the mounth. I was born in that mounth. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>April is the mounth when I was born.
==>April is the mounth in which I was born.

=====>5 o’clock is the time. I met him at that time. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>5 o’clock is the time when I met him.
==>5 o’clock is the time at which I met him.

=====>This is the year. My father came to İstanbul.
RCL==> This is the year when my father came to İstanbul.
==> This is the year in which my father came to İstanbul.

NOT: “When” sonra tam cümle gelir. “When+S+V+O”. “When” yerine “prep+ which” kullanılabilir. Bundan sonrada tam cümle gelir. “some of which” ve buna benzerleri bununla karıştırmayın. Onun notu ayrıdır.

II. NOUN CLAUSE

=====>When did you come here? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I don’t know when you come here.

=====>When did the course start? ? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>In fact, It is difficulty to tell when the course started.

=====>When do you want to go? ? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I don’t know when you want to go.


5. WHY

I. RELATİVE CLAUSE

=====>This is the reason. I love you. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>This is the reason why I love you.

=====>I can’t see any reason. He always behaves like that when he confronts with a difficulty situation. (2 farklı cümle)

RCL==>I can’t see any reason why he always behaves like that when he confronts with a difficulty situation.
==> I can’t see any reason for which he always behaves like that when he confronts with a difficulty situation.

NOT: “reason+Why” kullanılır ve ya “reason+for which” bu da kullanılabilir. Genellikle tam cümle kullanılır. Eksik cümle kullandığını hatırlamıyorum ama anahtar kelime “reason” dur. Bunu gördüğünde ya “Why” yada “for which” olur.


II. NOUN CLAUSE

=====>Why did you sleep late yesterday? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I really didn’t know why you slept late yesterday.

=====>Why are you crying? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>It is difficult to explain why you are crying.

=====>Why are you crying? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I don’t know why you are crying.

NOT: Önemli olan nasıl soru sorulduğunu bilmek onun ardında NCL oluşturulduğunda cümle nasıl çevrilir onu öğrenmek gerekir.



6. HOW

I. RELATIVE CLAUSE

NOT: “How” RCL de kullanılmıyor bildiğim kadarıyla.

II. NOUN CLAUSE

=====>How long have you lived in İstanbul? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I don’t know how long you have lived in İstanbul.( “How+sıfat”)

=====>How often does he work? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I am not sure how often he Works. ( “How+sıfat”)

=====>How to use this iron? (“WH? Bilgi gerektiren”)
NCL==>I don’t know how to use this iron. ( “How+to V0”)

NOT: “How” genellikle “how+sıfat” veya “how+ to V0” şeklinde kullanılır.

7. WHOSE

I. RELATIVE CLAUSE

=====>He is my teacher. His car is yellow. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>He is my teacher whose car is yellow.

=====>These are my parents. Their house is in Erzurum. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==> These are my parents whose house is in Erzurum.

=====>The mosque was made by one of the most influential architects in Erzurum.Its minarets were renovated in 2001. (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>The mosque whose minarets were renovated in 2001 was made by one of the most influential architects in Erzurum.

NOT: whose iki nesneyi bir birine bağlar ve whose dan sonra gelen isim a /an/the/my vs almaz.Yalın olmalıdır. Bu isim sıfat alabilir çoğul da olabilir.

II. NOUN CLAUSE

NOT: Whose sorularda kullanılmadığı için(WH? Den biri değil) bildiğim kadarıyla NCL da kullanılmıyor.

8. WHOM

I. RELATİVE CLAUSE

=====>He is the student. I talked to his. . (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>He is the student to whom I talked. “Whom+S+V+O”

=====>These are the couples. I separated from each other.
RCL==>These are the couples from whom I separated. “Whom+S+V+O”

=====>This is my neighbour. I like her a lot . . (2 farklı cümle)
RCL==>This is my neighbour whom I like a lot. “Whom+S+V+O”
==>This is my neighbour who I like a lot. “Who+S+V+O”

NOT: “Whom” tam bir cümle olması lazım. “Whom+S+V+O” . “Whom” yerine “Who” kullanılabilir ama “preposition” varsa “Who” kullanılmaz. “Whom” özne yoksa kullanılmaz. “Who”, preposition varsa kullanılmaz.


II. NOUN CLAUSE

NOT: Whom NCL kullanımı pek yaygın değil şu ana kadar sanırım bir soruda karşılaşmıştım. Karşınıza çıkarsa NCL daki “Who” gibi çevirirseniz sıkıntı olmaz.

9. WHEREBY=BY WHİCH

I. RELATİVE CLAUSE

=====>Politics is process. Groups of people make decisions.
RCL==>Politics is process by which groups of people make decisions.

=====>Genetics is the study of heredity and of the mechanisms. Genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next.
RCL==> Genetics is the study of heredity and of the mechanisms whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next.

NOT1: Process ,procedure, method, technique, system, mechanism, way gibi yöntem bildiren kelimeler için whereby ,by which

NOT2: “Whereby” “by which” ardından tam bir cümle gelir. “Whereby+S+V+O”
II. NOUN CLAUSE

NOT:Noun clause da kullanılmaz.

10. WHAT
I. RELATİVE CLAUSE

NOT:RCL de kullanılmıyor.

II. NOUN CLAUSE

=====>What did he do yesterday?
NCL==>I am not sure what he did yesterday.

=====>What do you need?
NCL==>I want to know what you need.

=====>What time does he go shopping?
NCL==>I want to know what time he goes shopping.



=====>What should I do in this case?
NCL==>I haven’t decided what I should do in this case.
==> I haven’t decided what to do in this case.

NOT: Temel cümle ve NCL un öznesi aynı ise “WH+infinitive(to V0)” kısaltması yapılır.
Örnek: “I don’t know how I can write an accident report” ya da “I don’t know how to write an accident report” .


11. WHETHER/IF

I. NOUN CLAUSE

=====>Did they notice me?
NCL==>I want to know whether/if they noticed me.
=====>Is the telephone working?
NCL==>I am not sure if/whether the telephone is working.
=====>Will they work hard tomorrow?
NCL==>Whether they will work hard tomorrow is uncertain.


NOT: “If” ile “Whether” karşılaştırmasında her zaman “whether” kazanır. Preposition dan sonra “if” gelmez. “if” cümlede özne tamamlayıcısı olarak kullanılmaz. “if or not”kullanımı yoktur. Ama “if………..or not” kullnımı var.


12. RCL KISALTMALARI (RCLkst.)

=====>He was the rubber. He robbed the bank.
RCL==>He was the rubber who robbed the bank
RCLkst=>He was the robber robbing the bank. (Ving)

=====>This is the vase. It was broken yesterday.
RCL==>This was the vase which was broken yesterday.
RCLkst=>This was the vase broken yesterday.(V3)


NOT: RCL aktif ise kaldırdığında Ving gelir. Pasif ise V3 kullanılır. Zaman farkı varsa aktif ise “having+V3” pasif ise “having been V3” kullanılır. Fakat V3 kullanmasıda mümkündür.

Örnek1:==>Richard, who had been fired, look for another job for weeks.
==> Having been fired, Richard look for another job for weeks.(pasif)
Örnek2: ==>They are students who have just met me.
==>They are students having just met me.
13. KARIŞIK

NOT1: Virgülden sonra that kullanılmaz.İstisna iki virgül arasına ve virgülden sonraki açıklamaya dikkat edilmelidir.

=====>It has been claimed,but never confirmed by the US Federal Reverse that ……(S+V+O)

NOT2:It passive+that +S+V+O dikkat edilmelidir.

=====>It has been argued that Erzurum’s prosperity and rapid develop are largely due to the animals industry.

NOT3: “ quantifiers+of+ whose/which/whom” dikkat edilmelidir.

=====>They have two house, one of which is in Erzurum.
=====>In my English class in teol course there are 10 students, most of whom are from Erzurum.
=====>They talked about Harun, one of whose problems was coming to class late.

NOT:Preposition dan sonra that gelmez the fact that gelir.

1. NO SOONER KALIBLARI VEYA KULLANIMI

FORMUL!!!!!

No sooner …………….than===>tam şunu yapmıştım ki şu oldu

Scarcely ………………..when==> tam şunu yapmıştım ki şu oldu

Hardly ………………… when==> tam şunu yapmıştım ki şu oldu

KULLANIM!!!!!!

I. No sooner +had +subj + V3+than+ subj + V2

===>No sooner had I entered the lesson than my teacher arrived.
Tr=>Tam derse girmiştim ki öğretmenim vardı.

===> No sooner had I left home than I came accross my best friend.
Tr=>Tam evden çıkmıştım ki en iyi arkadaşıma rastladım.

II. Hardly +had +subj + V3+when+ subj + V2

===>Hardly had I finished my subject when the ring rang.
Tr=>Tam konumu bitirmiştim ki zil çaldı.


III. Scarcely +had +subj + V3+when+ subj + V2

===>Scarcely had I entered the class when it went off.
Tr=>Tam sınıfa girmiştim ki elektrikler kesildi.

NOT:
No sooner +had +subj + V3+than+ subj + V2
Hardly +had +subj + V3+when+ subj + V2
Scarcely +had +subj + V3+when+ subj + V2

DİKKAT!!!



14.In the annals of the World War II, ………….(1) had (2) the Nazis invaded (3) Poland and the Danzig corridor, ………(4) the British and the French declared(5) war against Germany.
Tr=>2. Dünya savaşı tarihi olaylarında Naziler Polonya ve Danzig koridorunu istila etmişti ki Britanya ve Fransa Almanya’ya karşı savaş deklarasyonu yayınladı.

Cevap: No sooner/than

NOT:Zaman sorusu (V3,V2) sorulduğu gibi kendileri (no sooner/hardly/scarcely) de sorulabilir.

2. WOULD RATHER

KULLANIM!!!

I. Would rather + V1 + than + V1

===>I would rather sleep than go out.
Tr=>Dışarı çıkmaaktansa uyumayı tercih ederim.

===>She would rather g oto theatre than stay at home.
Tr=>Evde kalmaktansa tiyatroya gitmeyi tercih eder.

II. Would rather + subj +V2 + than + V2 (than + V2 olmayabilir.)

===>I would rather you told the truth than told a lie.
Tr=>Senin yalan söylemektense doğruyu söylemeni tercih ederim.

===> I would rather my parents lived in İstanbul.
Tr=>Anne ve babamın İstanbul’da yaşamasını tercih ederim.

III. Would rather + have V3 + than + have V3

===> I would have stayed in Turkey than have göne abroad.
Tr=>Yurt dışına gitmektense Türkiye’de kalmayı tercih ettim.



IV. Would prefer + to V1 + than + to V1 (to V1 ikinci kısmı olmayabilir)

===>I would prefer to stay in İstanbul than to work abroad.
Tr=>Yurt dışında çalışmaktansa İstanbul’da çalışmayı tercih ederim.

===>I would prefer my mummy to come. (to V1 ikinci kısmı olmayabilir)
Tr=>Annemin gelmesini tercih ederim.

V. Prefer + Ving + to + Ving

===>I prefer dancing to swimming.
Tr=>Yuzmektense dans etmeyi tercih ederim.

VI. Prefer +noun +to +noun

===>I prefer tea to caffee.
Tr=>Çayı kahveye tercih ederim.