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Some bacteria cause disease.
Bacteria cause disease by invading tissues or making toxins.
A toxin is a poison released by an organism.
A virus is made of DNA or RNA and a protein coat.
non-living pathogen
can infect many organisms
A viroid is made only of single-stranded RNA.
causes disease in plants
passed through seeds or polle
A prion is made only of proteins.
causes misfolding of other proteins
results in diseases of the brain
Mad cow, scrapie, CJD, chronic wasting
Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells.
Viruses have a simple structure.
genetic material
capsid, a protein shell
maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat
Bacteriophages infect bacteria.
Viruses enter cells in various ways.
bacteriophages pierce host cells
A lysogenic infection does no immediate harm. Can be activated later. Herpes simplex activates periodically
There are many examples of viral infections.
common cold
Viruses cause many infectious diseases
There are many examples of viral infections.
influenza
HIV
The body has natural defenses against viruses.
Prevention of Viral infection
Vaccines are made from weakened pathogens.
A vaccine stimulates the body’s own immune response.
Vaccines prepare the immune system for a future attack.
Prevention of Viral disease
Vaccines are one way to prevent the spread of viral disease. What else is effective?
Hand washing
Condoms
Avoiding direct contact
Preventing fluid transfer (sneeze, blood, saliva)
Bleach, lysol, strong cleaners
History of Vaccination
Smallpox spread throughout Europe in the 1700’s
influenza (flu) type symptoms, rash covering much of body, turning into puss filled sores that most often left blisters and deep scars
complications from the disease led to blindness, kidney damage, and death in 40% of its victims
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