Notes

asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction.
asexual reproduction only.
1; 2
a similar but not identical combination of genes.
Cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic chromosomes are more complex than those of eukaryotes.
are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
proteins
joined together at a centromere.
sister chromatids.
interphase
cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes
the S phase.
cytokinesis.
undergoing cytokinesis.
prophase.
metaphase
the centromeres of each chromosome come apart.
telophase
formation of a cell plate
Plant cells have cell walls.
The organism must be able to control the timing and rate of cell division in different parts of its body.
density-dependent inhibition.
density-dependent inhibition.
physical contact of cell-surface proteins between adjacent cells
are permanently in a state of nondivision.
The cell cycle control system operates independently of the growth factors.
a cancerous tumor.
does not metastasize.
a drug that prevents mitotic spindle from forming
Mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity.
homologous chromosomes.
a bride and groom.
Mitosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
An X chromosome is an autosome.
prophase I
It splits into two pairs of sister chromatids, and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell.
Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis.
Meiosis provides for asexual reproduction.
interphase.
shuffling cards and dealing out hands of poker.
possible combinations of characteristics.
Genetic diversity is enhanced by mitosis.
homologous or nonsister chromatids
genetic recombination could not occur.
can reveal alterations in chromosome number.
photographs of every couple at a high school prom.
Down syndrome is least likely to be seen in the infants of mothers over 40.
members of a chromosome pair fail to separate.
In mammals, extra copies of the Y chromosome are typically inactivated.
flowering plants
1
Where is cat?
inversion.
the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells.
The single cell divided to form two new cells, and the two new cells each divided to form four total cells, all by asexual reproduction.
The chromosomes are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
two rounds of mitosis and two rounds of cytokinesis
plant cell; telophase and cytokinesis of mitosis
39
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.
I: random fertilization; II: independent orientation; III: crossing over
Perform a karyotype using a person's white blood cells.
Turner syndrome
Add cells from the tissue sample to a cell culture dish and compare their growth against a sample of noncancerous cells from the patient.
The cell will divide into two plant cells.
Sentence: What event will immediately follow the event shown in this image?
about 44 or 45
nondisjunction
anaphase II
Particles called pangenes, which originate in each part of an organism's body, collect in the sperm or eggs and are passed on to the next generation.
The blending hypothesis suggests that all of the traits of the offspring come from either the mother or the father.
peas.
true-breeding.
The hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation.
a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one character.
An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait.
applies to all sexually reproducing organisms.
0 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed
the same locus on homologous
each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.
a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest.
Dd and Dd
heterozygous for the trait and able
recessive alleles.
not affected at all by the disease.
Most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce.
karyotyping; biochemical testing
Chorionic villus sampling is typically performed later in the pregnancy than amniocentesis.
Most human genetic diseases are treatable if caught early.
cannot strictly account for the patterns of inheritance of many traits.
incompletly dominant
incomplete dominance.
hypercholesterolemia
codominance.
codominance.
Incomplete dominance supports the blending hypothesis.
Sickle-cell disease causes white blood cells to be sickle-shaped.
codominance and pleiotropy.
polygenic inheritance
polygenic inheritance
genetics and the environment.
the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for patterns of inheritance.
linked; do not sort independently during meiosis
do not follow the laws of independent assortment.
recombines linked; alleles
crossing over.
the frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring
one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
XX.
one
by the number of chromosomes
female bees will produce eggs by meiosis, whereas male bees will produce sperm by mitosis.
Male bees develop from unfertilized eggs.
is called a sex-linked gene.
the male's phenotype results entirely from his single X-linked gene.
The gene for color vision is found on the X chromosome.
men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
8%
the X chromosome is obtained from both father and mother.
pleiotropy
NnllddMM
The organism that this cell came from is likely a male.
0%
purple-flowered plants in the F1 generation
each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood.
since colorblindness is sex-linked, a son can inherit colorblindness if his mother has the recessive colorblindness allele.
PP.
50%
A sex-linked gene that controls the expression of the white spot is found on the X chromosome.