Notes

Vertebrates - Animals with backbones.
Internal Skeleton - needed for support and movement.
Muscles can only move bones at a joint by CONTRACTION so work in ANTAGONISTIC pairs.

Joints:
1) Cartilage and synovial fluid reduce friction between bones.
2) Elastic ligaments stabilise joints while allowing movement.
3)Tendons transmit the force from the muscle to the bone.

People lifestyle and medical factors need to be disclosed before an exercise regime is started.
We can collect data to monitor a person during and after exercise - change in heart rate, change in blood pressure, recovery period (time which heart rate takes to return back to normal after exercise) and body fat.

Body mass index = Body Mass (kg) / [Height (m)]^2

Any assessment of progress needs to take into account the accuracy of the monitoring technique and the repeatability of the data obtained.

Common injuries due to excessive exercise - sprains, dislocations and torn ligaments or tendons.

Sprain symptoms:
Caused by over stretching a ligament.
-Redness and swelling
-Surface bruising
-Difficulty walking
-Cramping pain

Sprain treatment:
REST - immobilise the injured part.
ICE - Apply indirectly for 20 minutes with 30 minutes between applications. Acts as an anaesthetic by reducing swelling and slowing blood flow.
COMPRESSION - Wrap a snug bandage around the area to reduce swelling.
ELEVATION - Raise the injured limb to reduce swelling by keeping excess fluid away.
Simple stretching - only after swelling has gone.
Aerobic exercise - when the muscle has regained 75% of its strength. This helps to return the muscle to peak strength.

Physiotherapists encourage healing and return a joint or muscle to full strength and movement.