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Proteins:
its function depends on its 3D structure
Every protein is determined by a specific sequence of amino-acids which determines its function.
what is protein synthesis?
Transgenisis:
It's the transplantation of a gene from one individual to another
note: the number of nucleotides is always in RNA not DNA
why are the nucleotides in the language of RNA ?
The DNA is a macro-molecule that can't leave the nucleus. Thus the mRNA transcribes the genesd of the DNA and goes towards the cytoplasm for translation.
ex: A-T-A-C-C-C-G-G-A-T-A-G (non-transcribed)
mRNA:A-U-A-C-C-C-G-G-A-T-A-G
CODEN: 3 nucleotides for 1 amino acid
Redundancy: many nucleotides code for the same amino acid
Universal: the same code for every living organism
The mRNA is IDENTICAL to the non-transcribed strand with U replacing T
ex: A-A-C-G-G-C-T-A-T
mRNA: A-A-C-G-C-U-A-U
The mRNA is COMPLEMANTARY to the transcribed strand with U replacing T:
ex: A-T-C-G-T-A-A-G-C
mRNA: U-A-G-C-A-U-U-C-G
what's the codon? UAG(meth), CAU(leu), UCG(cal)
(you always take the mRNA of the transcribed strand )
DNA - RNA
Longer Smaller
Double stranded Single stranded
sugar: deoxyribose sugar: ribose
nucleotides: nucleotides:
A,T,C,G A,U,C,G
1 TYPE 3 TYPES: mRNA,tRNA,rRNA
located in the nucleus Located in the nucleus and cytoplasm
1) Transcription the 1st step of protein synthesis
Transcription is rapid and amplified
Because of the absence of hydrogen bonds between them mRNA strand do not form a stable molecule with the transcribed strand of the gene
(figure of a feather)
(its the copy of many mRNA )
2) translation the 2nd step of protein synthesis:
Translation occurs at the level of the cytoplasm precisely at the level of the ribosomes
The mRNA will be translated into many identical polypeptide chains
(rapid and amplified)
They are made up of 2 sub-units( 1 large and 1 small) and rRNA+protein
tools: mRNA, Ribosomes,tRNA , Enzymes, ATP molecules, Free amino-acids
mRNA tRNA
short but linear -short but folded
-tRNA posseses 4 sites (2 of them
are active and the 2 others aren't
1st: amino-acid attachement site
2nd: anti-codon site
-the tRNA understands 2languages ( nucleotides and amino-acids)
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