Notes

Grape Seed**https://examine.com/supplements/grape-seed-extract/

-Proanthocyanidins (or procyanidins), polymers of catechin (subset of flavonoids) molecules at around 74-78% by weight and sometimes up to 81%. = Chemical Formula: C30H26O13
***Properties and usage = antioxidants, and they affect the inflammatory process via calcium-dependent release of nitric oxide and protect against H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation. They also demonstrated a role in cardiovascular diseases via vessel relaxation and LDL oxidation inhibition. These condensed tannins have also shown activities that improve diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, or nephropathy, including a decrease in serum glucose and advanced glycation end products.
*****https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20232344

-Specific procyanidin molecules such as Procyanidin B1 (5.3%), B2 (3.1%), and C1 (1.7%) (different formations of catechin couplets)
**Chemical Formula:Procyanidin C1= C45H38O18, Procyanidin B1=C30H26O12, Procyanidin B2= C30H26O12
**Properties and usage : strong free radical-scavenging activity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

- epicatechin and catechin (two of the green tea catechins) at less than 6% = Catechin is an antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.
**Chemical Formula: Catechin=C15H14O6
**Properties and usage :antioxidant, Epicatechin is a strong antioxidant, has insulin mimic action and improves heart health.

Attenuation of diabetes = epicatechin and other flavonoids exert a protective role on osmotic fragility of cells, similar to that of insulin. The mechanism of action of epicatechin is different to that of insulin and remains speculative. In diabetic red blood cells epicatechin causes an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. This activity is significantly lower in type 2 diabetic patients.

Heart health= Epicatechin reduces lipid peroxidation and inhibits platelet aggregation. Epicatechin cause blood vessel dilation by regulating nitric oxide, a molecule secreted by the blood vessel endothelium to signal surrounding muscle to relax.

ตั้งแต่ข้างล่างนี้เป็นต้นไปเป็นส่วนที่ค้นพบในเกรฟซีดด้วยแต่ในบริมาณที่น้อยไม่ได้เยอะ

-resveratrol at 0.53%= Chemical Formula:C14H12O3
***Properties and usage : antioxidant

-rutin at 1.2%= Chemical Formula:C27H30O16
***Properties and usage : antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.

-gallic acid at 1.4% =Chemical Formula:C7H6O5
***Properties and usage : powerful antioxidants
***http://www.naturalremedies.org/gallic-acid/

-quercetin as quercetin-3-glucoside at 8% =Chemical Formula:C21H19O12-
***Properties and usage : Quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, a glucoside form of the galangal flavanoid quercetin (sc-206089), is useful for studying bioactive small molecules. Quercetin-3-β-d-glucoside has been shown to significantly reduce the replication of influenza viruses in vitro. Quercetin-3-β-d-glucoside has also been used to study the anti-proliferative activities of quercetin derivatives in multiple cancer cell lines.
>>>>>อันสุดท้ายนี่ข้อมูลค่อนข้างน้อย