Notes

Compound Names/ Covalent Compounds:

Binary Ionic Compounds:
The tin cation has a charge of 4+ and the chlorine anion has a charge of 1-. One 4+ tin cation balance the charge of
four 1- chlorine anions, so the ratio of the compound is 1:4

Tin (IV) chloride or stannic chloride is an inorganic compound that is toxic when inhaled. It is used for manufacturing inorganic tin compounds, to add color tp soaps, to stabilize perfumes, and to control bacteria. It is also used in textile finishing and glass strengthening.

The iron cation has a charge of 3+ and the oxide anion has a charge of 2-. Two 3+ iron cations balance the charge of the
three 2- oxide anions, so the ionic ratio of the compound is 2:3.

When iron reacts with oxygen in air, a reddish brown substance is formed. This substance is iron oxide and is also commonly known as rust. Iron oxide is the main source of iron in the steel industry and is easily affected by acidic substances.
Both the potassium and iodine ions have a charge of 1. The potassium ion has a charge of 1+ and the iodide anion has a charge of 1-. Since their charges balance each other, the ionic ratio of the compound is 1:1.

Potassium iodide is found in table salt, which is the main source for iodine in our diets. Potassium iodide also has many applications in the medical industries. It is mainly used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, as an iodine replenisher, and as an antifungal treatment.

Ternary Ionic Compounds:
The charge of the sodium cation is 1+ and the charge of the carbonate ion is 2. Two 1+ sodium cations balance the charge of one 2- carbonate anion. So, the ionic ratio of the compound is 2:1

Sodium carbonate is commonly known as washing soda. It is a used to soften hard water in water treatment industries, and as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals. It is also widely used to decompose silicates in the glass manufacturing industry.
The potassium and permanganate ions both have opposite charges of value 1. So, the charges balance each other. The ionic ratio of the compound is 1:1.

Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidant and is used in the medical industry as an anti-infective and as an antidote for certain poisons. Because of its anti-infective properties, potassium permanganate is widely used in rural areas to disinfect water. It is also used in the chemical industry as a titrant.
The charge of the aluminum cation is 3+ and that of the sulfate ion is 2-. The charges of two 3+ aluminum cations balance the charges of three 2- sulfate anions. So, the ionic ratio is 2:3

Aluminum sulfate is used to purify and treat water and to coagulate wood pulp in the paper mill industry. It's also used in tanning leather and as a fire retardant, food additive, and deodorizer

Covalent Compounds:
The nitrogen atom has five electrons in its outermost shell and each hydrogen atom has one electron in its outermost shell. Carbon shares its five electrons with the three hydrogen electrons to complete its valence shell and form a neutral compound.

Nitrogen trihydride is commonly known as ammonia. It is widely used in fertilizers and as a cleaning agent for household purposes. Ammonia can also be used as a fuel and a refrigerant.
The sulfur and oxygen atoms have six electrons in the outermost shells. Each oxygen atom shares two of its electrons with sulfur to complete its valence shell.

Sulfur dioxide is used as a preservative because of its antimicrobial properties. It is also used in the wine-making industry.
Boron has three electrons in its outermost shell and fluorine has seven electrons in its outermost shell. Boron shares three of its electrons, one with each of the three fluorine atoms, to form a neutral compound.

Boron trifluoride is used as a catalyst in reactions, such as isomerization and alkylation. It is also used to control pests and in devices that monitor radiation levels.

Understanding the naming system of chemical compounds is pretty important if you want to be a successful chemist. A slight change to the name of a compound indicates very different properties and a different compound. Chemical compounds need to be named specifically using a consistent set of rules.

Different sets of rules are used for naming different types of compounds. Binary ionic compounds, which consist of monatomic ions, are named according to their constituent cations and anions. When naming a binary compound, you first write the name of the cation followed by the anion.

When writing the formula for a binary compound, you use the crisscross method in which the charge of the cation is moved to the subscript position of the anion and the charge of the anion is moved to the subscript position of the cation. You can check whether a formula is correct by determining whether the overall charge of the compound is zero.
Ternary ionic compounds derive their names from their constituent cations and polyatomic ions. These polyatomic ions mostly contain oxygen, and their names end with the suffixes –ite and –ate or begin with the prefixes hypo– and per–, depending on the number of oxygen atoms they contain. Polyatomic ions can also contain hydrogen. In these cases, the word hydrogen is added before the name of the ion.

The rules for writing the formulas for ternary ionic compounds are the same as those of binary compounds. The charge of the cation is moved to the subscript position of the polyatomic ion and vice versa. If the compound includes more than one polyatomic ion though, you add a parenthesis around it and then write the number of polyatomic ions as a subscript.

Writing the names and formulas for covalent compounds is a little different from the previous two compounds. You name these compounds by adding prefixes (mono–, di–, and tri–, etc.) that indicate the number of atoms of each element. You then decide the order of elements in the chemical name based on their position in the chemical formula.

To write the formula for a covalent compound, you simply write the chemical symbols of the elements in the compound along with subscripts that indicate the number of atoms of each in the compound. These subscripts can be derived from the prefixes in the chemicals' names.