Notes

Chapter 1
It was Billy smith workiing for Colonol Edwin Drake that struck oil intetrntialy at 69 feet using the oscilatting arm from the drillign rig to pukp the oil out.
The apperence of oil drilling is not that different otady as it was 100 years ago page 5
Pg 2-for the first 50 years wooden containers were used becsaue metal ones could not be built reliably.
Switching from the water pump, which could not proudce enough suction at deep levels, early innovators created the two ball vale pluinger type pump. This worked well unless there is a lot of dissovled gas.
Disolved gas can cause vapor lock

Casing was the norm, usualy steel or iron, and even drake put casing down. But the problemn of cave ins and water seepage still occurred

A wellbore is a hole that is drilled to aid in the exploration and recovery of natural resources including oil, gas or water.

Companies like Halliburton and Baker-Hughs made their starts by innovating new oil drilling inventions.
No one thought of cementing the casing to the borehole until 1903 when Frank F Hill of union oil did it page 5

The thinking of where oil is was influenced by coal mining techniques.

Colonel E A L Roberts put a torpedo down the his borehole and blow it up and increased oil production. He would patent this and people start blwoing up the bottom of their wells to increase oil production. This was the beginning of well stimulation

Random breakthrough. Dow Chemical spoke with Oil chemical to rid of their excess waste acid and the more hydrochloric acid drillers injected into the limestone the more oil came out
They were the first to acidize a well. Why? They also pumped arsenic acid to inhibit the corrosion of tubulars page 8

Early surveyors would look for area that looked on the surface like Drake's well

During this time geologist were leaping over themselves proposing new theories about why and where oil formed. Cyrus Angell had success with his oil belt thoery..
Ebenezer Andrews suggest that oil is in trapped in cavities called anticlines

Stratigraphy was the field that was created by these geologists. They stressed measuring what came out while they were drilling
Henri Darcy was a mathematician who created formulas for how easily oil flows and a Darcy is the unit for how easily a fluid flows through porous materials

The cuttings of what came out while drilling hjeklpd address the two fundamentals of petroleum engineering: porosity and permeability.

Fissure theory was debunked page 9

In 1925, Lufkin Pump jack was created to combat low pressure wells using the counterweight that is seen today.

Early on water was a menace that would signal the end of a profitable well but engineers noticed that by pumping water into edge of wells oil production rose. This is called water flooding.
The theory that oil sat on a layer of water also took hold. Finally it began to bed used as a source of energy for pushing oil to surface pg 11


Once gushers started to occur, wells that didn’t need assisting in flowing, the had to deal with a lot of natural gas. The dissolved gas and water had enough pressure to force the oil to the surface
The analogy for oil pumping is like beer from a barrel. At first the beer flows easily but after a while the pressure inside is weakened to the point that a hole must be put in the barrel for atmospheric pressure to pump the barrel empty. John Carll

This was the early days of gas flaring. Billions of cubic feet of natural gas was flared because there was not use for it really.

Rotary drilling took off at Spindletop in 1901 which called for circulating mud
Harry cameron and Jim Abercombrome created a blowout preventer page 14
But overporudction occurred with these innvationd and oil was 10 cents a barrel and at one point the gov of texas declared martial law

Prorate is defined as to separate or give out in a specific proportion.
An example of prorate is a landlord charging a tenant $500 for staying in a house for fifteen days, where the rent is $1,000 per month.
Wells began to be prorated. So wells became documented so a maximum efficeint rate MER of production could be created

Most resoviors are wider then they are deep so horizontal drilling was beginning to be thought about in 1980-3 page 16

Thery put a downhole motor to which only turned the drill bit and not the whole string. Much more expensive

Golde age of drilling in 1930s introduced
Drilling instrumenttion and mud control
Side wall coring
Bullet perforation
Squeeze cementing
Internal cumbsution to replace steam
Downhole pumps
Geologist also introduced
Calcualting porosity and permeability
Downhole pressure meanurements
Reinjection of water
Drill stem testing
Seismic mapping
Electric and radioactive logging
Seismic tech is what propelled offshore drilling, 1947 Kerr-McGee built a platform 40 miles from the Louisiana coast

The cost of conventional steel platform got more expensive as they drilled deeper so in 1980 Petrobras created an innovation at their MArlem field and the comparison between the two is on page 19
Petrobras placed the wellheads at the bottom and had floating facilities. The facility can float several thousand feet away from the wellhead! Page 19

Spars-huge biouylike storage containers and FPSOs (floating production, storage, and offloading vessels
Those are couple of the offshore development systems

CHAPTER 2
Most aumdent source in crust are the silicates
Sedimaneary rocks compsoe most of crust and they are the clastic and chemical rocks
Clastic sedmintary rocks
Gravels are the largest
Sands
Silts
Clays aer the smallest fragments

Rock cycle is dound on page 34

CHAPTER 5-drilling
The spring pole is the first type of drill
Then it was all about cable tool drilling which is abssiacly just droping a chisel again and again aginast the ground and these rock frsgments have to be reomved and so they would put in a bailer which opens and closes as it hits the layer of excess gravel and its pulled all the way back out to be dumped

SPINDLETOP-gushed 80,000 barrels a day in 1900. The year before the entire US produced only 174,000 barrels a day.

This was due to the effect of salt domes that created hydrocarbon traps

Rotary drilling uses drililng mud
Rotary drillin compnents
Derrick or mast that provides frame
Hoisting system
Mus mixing circuoation system
Thing to grip and rotate the drill string and engine to drive it
Blowout prevention
Racks to hold drill pipe and casing
On site housing of various chemicals and such
BOP is a blowout preveneter
Two categories of blowout preventer are most prevalent: ram and annular. BOP stacks frequently utilize both types, typically with at least one annular BOP stacked above several ram BOPs.
About 80 feet up the rig is the work platform called the monkey board where aworker handles the drill string from the top

The sizer of the drig stermiens how buit the rig is because rememebr it has to lift the entire string up!

For a 1000 foot wel the string weighs 16,500 pounds
For 20,000 the string has o support 350,000 pounds
Deepwater rigs have to lift over one million pounds of drill string

Hoisint system pn page 90
Used to withdraw th drill string and replace a dull drill bit or add pipe and also supportsthe lower casing

Elements of the hositng system
Crown block-upper part of pulley system and is the set of sheaves
Teraveling blocks, whatthe hook is attached to
Swivel suspends the weight of the string from the hook to the kelly but allows kelly to roate. The kelly hose goes inside and mud circulates down the kelly and down the droll pipe
Elevetorats or clamps are attacfhed to hook and swumg to move it
Draw wors is the drum the holds all the cable that goes up to the corwn block

Floor of rig
The kelly is what allows the drill bit to be roated to drill deeper
Compomenents
Kelly
Kelly bushing
Rotary table
Rig eninges provide power to turn the rotary table that roates drill string
Kelly connects top of drill string to the hoisting and mud systems
Kelly bushing is what sits on the rotary tbale and grabs the kelly
Kelly is a 40 foot lonf piece
Mousehole
Rat hole
Kelly is a hallow 40 foot lonh heavy steel pipe with a square or hexagonal corss section
Its screwed onto the next piece of drill pipe and the kelly shape provides grabiblity over the round drill string pipes
Kelly bushing is secured to rotary table but moved when drill ipie is taken out

Drill bits divided into severl categories
Fixed cutter bitsd
PDC's
Fishtail bits
Natural diamond bits
Roller cone bits
Mill tooth bits
TCI
Tri cone and PDC are the industry standards

Bit desinged is changed depending on fomration chatraeritsics opage 94

PDC were designed to comabt wear...where one PDC bit is needed for 3-5000 feet as much as 10 tricones would have been needed

Drillers mointier how much weight is on the bit as the ycant late the entire weight of drill string rest on the bit as it will crush it

Making the trip is where tyou change the drill bit and is the toughhtest and most time consuming part of the job
Stop the roatar table by disonnecete motors
Turn of mud pumps and stop circulation
Riase the entire string and lsat joint
Suspend the drill pipe with slips
Unscrew kelly sand swivel and latch them to top of drill pipe
Lwoer elvetoaras
Raise drill puipe until 3 joints called a stand are aboev rotry table


DRILLING MUD page 96
Contain pressure
Lubruiacte bit
Cool the bit
Remove cuttings
Prevnt hole collapse
Viscoaity of the mud needs to be moniter. More viscous mud allows rock particles to be suspeneded long enough to allow circulation. Bentonite provides this

Barite incerase mud density and adds weight which allows it to hold back fomrtion pressure. It has a specific gravity of 4.5
Hydrostatic pressure from the trapped water increases pressues the deeper you go
Water increases about .45 psi per foot
Constant downhole pressuring monitering is done so that right weight of the mud is used to withstand the downhole pressure
Water is called filtrate and gets lost in the pourous rock down the hole while circulating. Filtrate loss can casue mud to be too thick and chemicals are added to toughen the residue called filter cake to miminze filtrate loss

When pressure is below hydrostatic gradient you would need less weigh
Zone of lost circulation

Page 108 top drives and automation
These are what replacesd the clasic roatry table, bushing, kelly and swivel

To enable veritcal drilling a dozen or so drill colalrs are placed aobvethe bit which weight 30-200 pounds per foot which is weight more than the sstandard 16.5 per foot of normal frill poipe
This causes it to act like a plump bob..ehacy weight at the bottom means it will ntrually veer back to center

Whicpstock is used to steer the bit if it is offt4rack