Notes

Shiloh
Johnston regrouped in Corinth, MS
Grant followed-tragic error. No defensive defense, April 6 - Confederates struck pinned Grant's men against the river. Johnston wounded; Second called off the attack costliest battle in
American history to that point, combined casualties: 20k+
McClellan led Union Army all the way to Richmond, but failed to complete the thrust. Robert E. Lee took over the Army of North VA/ Series of engagements-heavy casualties on both sides. Confederate forces fail to dislodge the Union forces.

Second Bull Run - Pope thoroughly confused and routed by Jackson and Lee. Pope replaced again by McClellan
Lee was on the offensive, led troops to PA - Discovered by sheer luck, McClellan delayed, giving Lee time to reassemble most of his army behind Antietam Creek, Sept 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam, McClellan backed off in late after noon, and was demoted by Lincoln.

Antietam was the turning point, it revived morale, emboldened Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation, and Dashed Confederate hopes of international recognition

Fredericksburg
Burnside (new commander) lost 12k men attacking fortified Confederates in a secure position. 1862 ended with forces in the East deadlocked

Emancipation
As war continued Lincoln issue EP
-Slave labor bolstering the Confederate cause, Northern morale needed an idealist boost, making it a war on slavery would end any chance France or Britain would support the Confederacy
Sept 22, 1862, After Antietam - Jan 1, 1863 - all slaves under confederate control would be free.
Blacks in the Military - Almost 180k. Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery -- Dec 18, 1865

Women and the War
Breaking the bonds of slavery-Also loosened traditional restraints on female activity
-relief services, raising $$ and supplies
Dorothea Dix and Clara burton--> Nurses, Farmers or plantation managers, clerks, munitions plant workers, school teachers, some disguised as men joined the war.

Government During War
Congress opp from the South gone, New protective tariff, Transcontinental RR through NE to CA, Homestead Act
-Free 160 acres to settlers who occupied the land for 5 years
National Banking Act (1863)

Union Finances
3 Options - Raise taxes, print money, or borrow money
1. Taxes - Morrill tariff, income taxes, and excise taxes
2. Printing money - Greenbacks (1862) Value not backed by specie, but relied on public trust in the government
3. Sale of Bonds
Confederate Finances
Tariffs and excise taxes unsuccessful, printed money-extended the inflationary binge

Union Politics and Civil Liberties
Republicans
-Mostly United
-Radical Republicans - Pressured Lincoln on abolition
Democrats
-War Democrats support Lincoln
-Peace wing -> settlement
-Extreme fringe flirted with outright disloyalty
=> Copperheads
Strongest in OH, IN, IL
Lincoln cracked down hard, 14 pro confederates arrested under the terms of Habeas Corpus Act of 1863

Confederate Politics
Internal bickering and dissatisfaction
Environmentally, the South was devastated by the War.

The Faltering Confederacy
Chancellorsville
-New commander, Fighting Joe Hooker for Union troops, but again a failure
-Lee won the day, but at great cost - 1600 men, including Stonewall Jackson
Vicksburg!
Grant trying to gain control of MS.....
Gettysburg
-Relieve Siege and end war, Lee headed North across MD in June 1863 as a diversion
-Met George Meade and Union troops in Gettysburg July 1, 1863
-forced to defensible heights outside town, July 3 - Lee Attacked Union center at cemetery Ridge - Pickett's charge, Lee failed - Retreat, Meade failed to push through and take victory
July 4th - Vicksburg also surrendered after 47 days

Chattanooga
Third great Union victory of 1863
William Rosecrans defeated Bragg and Chased him into GA-Chickamauga
Only the staunch left flank under George H. Thomas (Rock of Chickamauga) prevented union disaster
Retreat to Chattanooga-broke out and took missionary ridge march 1864-grant made general in chief, Bragg repleaced by Joseph Johnston

Winter 1863-1864 Confederate Despair, Grant's new strategy vs. Lee - War of attrition. --> Total war

Grant's pursuit of Lee
-Unlike predecessors, would not retreat
Battle of the Wilderness, cold Harbor, VA, Petersburg - 9 month siege

Sherman's March
Sherman pursued Joesph Johnston through Northern GA to Atlanta, Johnston/evasive/ - Replaced by Hood
Hood forced to evacuate Sept 1st
Sherman headed SE, Hood the opposite
Nov 15 - Atlanta burned
Dec 21 - Rode into Savannah, moved on SC
Davis would not tolerate any talk of surrender March 4, 1865. Lincoln's second inaugural address -- Advocate forgiveness and avoid vengeance at all costs.

Appomattox
Confederacy left Richmond Apr 2
Lee pulled out of Petersburg, surrounded by Union
Apr 9 1865 - Surrendered to Grant
Apr 18, 1865 - Johnston surrendered to Sherman
A Modern War
1/12 men served in the war
Over 630k men died
Killing = distant impersonal and mechanical