Notes

Genetically modified crops pass advantages to weeds

Herbicide resistance might confer an advantage on plants in the wild.

Credit Xiao Yang
A technique of genetic modification widely used to produce crops that are herbicide-resistant has been shown to confer advantages on a weedy form of rice, even in the absence of the herbicide. ラウンドアップ グリホサート The results suggest that the benefits of such modification could extend beyond the confines of farms into the wild.

Many varieties of crops are modified genetically to be intolerant to the herbicide glyphosate. It was initially sold under the trade name Roundup. Farmers can get rid of weeds in their fields using glyphosate without harming their crops by having this resistance.

Glyphosate inhibits an enzyme known as EPSP synthase which is responsible for the creation of specific amino acids and various other molecules. It also can hinder plant growth. ラウンドアップ Genetic modification, such as the Roundup Ready crops manufactured by Monsanto in St. Louis, Missouri, involves inserting genes to a crop's genetic code to increase EPSP production. Genes are typically obtained from bacteria that infect the crops.

The plant is able to endure the negative effects of glyphosate because it has an additional EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology labs have also tried to create EPSP-synthase that is more plant-based than bacteria by utilizing genes that come from plants. This was made to make use of a loophole found in US law which allows the approval of regulatory authorities for organisms that are not derived from bacteria.

There aren't many studies that have examined the possibility that transgenes like those that confer resistance to glyphosate can -- once they are wild or weedy relatives by cross-pollination -make plants more competitive for survival and reproduction. ラウンドアップ amazon Norman Ellstrand of the University of California, Riverside, explained that the standard assumption was that any transgene could confer disadvantage in nature if there is no selection pressure. This is because any extra machines would reduce the performance of the.

Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai has revised that opinion. He has discovered that resistance to glyphosate provides significant fitness benefits to the weedy version of the popular rice plant Oryza sativa.

ララウンドアップ 希釈倍率 Lu and his colleagues genetically modified the cultivated Rice species to express its EPSP synthase. Then, they crossed-bred it with an weedy parent.

The group then permitted the offspring of cross-breeding to be bred with one another to create second-generation hybrids. They were genetically identical with the exception of the number and count of EPSP synthase gene. The ones with more copies expressed greater levels of the enzyme and also produced more amino acid tryptophan than their unmodified counterparts.

ラウンドアップ Researchers also discovered that the hybrids with transgenic genes had higher rates of photosynthesis, they grew larger flowers and shoots and produced 48-125percent more seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybrids -- in the absence of the chemical glyphosate.

Lu says that making weedy grains more competitive may create more difficulties for farmers across the world whose crops are affected by the insect.

Brian Ford-Lloyd is a UK plant geneticist. He says, "If the EPSP synthase gene becomes present in wild rice varieties their genetic diversity could be at risk, which is significant because the genotype with transgene outcompetes the normal species." This is one of the most evident examples of plausible harmful effects [of GM crop] on the environment."

The public has a perception that genetically engineered crops with additional copies of microorganisms' genes are less risky than those with only their own genes. Lu says that the study "shows that this isn't always the case".

According to some researchers this finding suggests that future regulation of genetically engineered plants should be reviewed. "Some people are now suggesting that biosafety regulations can be relaxed because we have an extremely high level of satisfaction with the two decades of genetic engineering," says Ellstrand. "But the study still shows that novel products require careful evaluation."


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