Notes

Benefits of genetically modified crops over the weeds

Wild plants could be given resistance to herbicides.

Weedy rice can take on transgenes from genetically modified rice by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
It has been established that a genetic modification technique is extensively used to create crops that are herbicide-resistant confers advantages on an invasive variety of rice. These findings suggest that these modifications could have a wide range of effects beyond the farms and in the wild.

https://www.monotaro.com/g/01028612/ Several types of crops are modified genetically to resist glyphosate, an herbicide first marketed under the brand name Roundup. This makes it possible for farmers to eliminate most weeds from their fields without harming their crops.

Glyphosate is a plant-killer by inhibiting EPSP synase which is an enzyme involved in the production amino acids as well as other chemicals that comprise about 35% of plant mass. Genetic modification is used for instance, in Roundup Ready plants made by Monsanto Biotechnology Inc., a biotech firm located in St Louis, Missouri. https://search.rakuten.co.jp/search/mall/ラウンドアップ+マックスロード/ It involves inserting genes into the genome of a crop to boost EPSP synthase-synthase production. The genes typically come from bacteria that cause disease in the plants.

The plant can withstand the effects of glyphosate because of the extra EPSP synthase. Biotechnology labs have also attempted to utilize the genes of plants to increase EPSP-synthase, partly to take advantage of a loophole in the American system that allows for regulatory approval of transgenes that are not derived from by bacterial pests.

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/video/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-8&fr=wsr_gvu&p=%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97 There aren't many studies that have examined whether transgenes such as ones that confer resistance to glyphosate could -- after they get into wild or weedy relatives via cross-pollination -make plants more competitive for survival and reproduction. ラウンドアップ "The common belief is that any sort of transgene will confer disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of any selection pressure due to the fact that any additional machinery will decrease the fitness of the plant," says Norman Ellstrand, a plant geneticist at the University of California in Riverside.

Lu Baorong is an ecologist in Fudan University Shanghai. His study shows that glyphosate resistance provides a significant fitness benefit even when it's not used.

https://pesticide.maff.go.jp/agricultural-chemicals/details/14360 Lu and his coworkers genetically modified the cultivated Rice species to express its EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ They then crossed it with an marijuana-producing parent.

The group then let offspring that were cross-bred to breed with one another, creating second generation hybrids which were genetically identical to their parents with the exception for the number of duplicates of the gene that codes for EPSP synthase. As expected, the hybrids that had more copies of the gene were more likely to make more tryptophan as well as have more enzyme levels than the unmodified hybrids.

Researchers also found that transgenic hybrids produced 48-125% more seeds per plant, had greater rates of photosynthesis and more shoots than the non-transgenic varieties.

Making weedy rice more competitive could exacerbate the problems it causes for farmers all over the world where plots are ravaged by pests, Lu says.

Brian Ford-Lloyd (a UK plant geneticist) claims that if the EPSP-synthase genes are introduced into wild rice species, their genetic diversity, which is essential to protect could be endangered. The transgene would be more competitive than natural species. "This is an example of the most likely and harmful negative effects of GM crops on the environment."

ラウンドアップ The study also challenges the notion that genetically modified plants carrying extra copies of their genes are more secure than those that contain genes from microorganisms. https://www.komeri.com/search/ラウンドアップ/?dispNo=&codeSearch=0&searchFirst=1 Lu states, "Our study shows this is not always the case."

According to some research this finding suggests that future regulation of genetically engineered crops should be reviewed. Ellstrand saysthat "Some people think that regulation of biosafety should be relaxed." Ellstrand adds: The study found that any new products need to be evaluated carefully.


Homepage: https://pesticide.maff.go.jp/agricultural-chemicals/details/14360