Notes

Genetically modified crops pass benefits to the weeds

Herbicide resistance might give plants an advantage in the wild.

Credit to Xiao Yang
A technique of genetic modification widely used to create crops that are resistant to herbicides has been shown to give advantages to an invasive form of rice even in the absence of herbicide. This suggests that the benefits of this modifications could extend beyond the confines of farms out into the wild.

Many varieties of crops are genetically modified to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate. It was initially advertised under the brand name Roundup. Farmers can eliminate most herbicides from their fields by using glyphosate and not harm their crops because of this resistance.

Glyphosate is a plant-killer by blocking EPSP synase which is an enzyme involved in the production of amino acids as well as other chemicals that comprise about 35% of the plant's mass. The genetic modification method used in Roundup Ready crops by Monsanto (based in St Louis in Missouri) is the process of inserting genes in a plant to boost EPSP synthase production. The genes typically come from bacteria that cause disease in the plants.

The plant is able to resist the effects of glyphosate because of the extra EPSP synthase. Biotechnology labs have also tried to make use of genes from plants rather than bacteria to boost the production of EPSP synthase and, in turn, to take advantage of an inconsistency in US law that allows approval by regulators of organisms that have transgenes not derived from bacterial pests.

There aren't many studies that have examined the possibility that transgenes like glyphosate-resistant genes are able to -- when introduced to wild or weedy plants via cross-pollination increase the competitiveness of these plants in reproduction, survival and growth. ラウンドアップ Norman Ellstrand is a University of California Riverside plant geneticist. "The hypothesis is that any transgene will cause disadvantage in the wild in the absence of selective pressure since it could reduce fitness," Ellstrand said.

Lu Baorong from Fudan University in Shanghai is currently challenging this view. The study shows that glyphosate resistance even when not applied to an weedy type of rice crop could provide a substantial health boost.

Their research was published in 1. Lu and his collaborators genetically modified cultivated rice to increase its EPSP synthase activity and crossed it with a weedy counterpart.

The group then permitted breeding offspring that were cross-bred together to produce second-generation hybrids. These were genetically identical with the exception of the copy count and number of EPSP synthase gene. Like one might expect, more copies resulted in higher levels of enzyme as well as more tryptophan than their counterparts that were not modified.

https://www.komeri.com/search/ラウンドアップ/?dispNo=&codeSearch=0&searchFirst=1 Researchers also discovered that the hybrids with transgenic genes had greater rates of photosynthesis, they grew larger flowers and shoots and produced 48 to 125 percent more seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybridswithout the use of the chemical glyphosate.

Making the weedy rice more competitive may exacerbate the problems it causes for farmers across the globe whose plots are invaded by the pest, Lu says.

Brian Ford-Lloyd (a UK plant geneticist) claims that if the EPSP-synthase gene is introduced into wild rice species, then their genetic diversity that is so important to conserve could be threatened. The transgene would surpass the natural species. "This is one the most obvious examples of highly plausible harmful impacts (of GM crops] upon the natural environment."

The study also challenges the perception that crops with genetically modified genes containing additional copies of their genes are more safe than those containing microorganism genes. https://rd.listing.yahoo.co.jp/p/search/GU=A-aJT2MAAKTq5uILuw_BZxygRHC7XaC795v28tm01XnGuONMRSy1z-wCIEaMGnET6GDffSIZ7U0mRXXQ4dkLk_-ILDngwHK86w4_JeluICda8x1-jq_rrPKINn8rkl5_m5feQOviMUCdNtmzNkkBTsJ4hqpPXWU6SG4FOd7c9KWKr86UBpGveYYUQM3Qn2JFK_NI9lTrujKtlEoJdRrVBGAYcF_QGUsjOGzSVGMIhA4RBNaKTVYQxsW0DOW0XXniicnzwN4GGK9Jjnqr9dJezjfYxNLZeVDMxZhm6KBMyshSPqK2Fy4jVGXUYAjKIo1TRt3Ydk88jFrKynbrSgh-1rprpxj54FplD1IFeHQBiGNd9rasKj0EFLp8w-peeSmK518tWSnMec1oDTfTBcSHV6Ey8ks8HNWoOXaN-mtiTBfSZBzkiDW58tVr2B57ZzcR50GJb9Tzwg47FaEmofbcOOkvf62_Rhy4jTehyjo1dxfJFWbO3P1LBPLjb7LNXnUTZscg8jdeNoy6LQ2_a9KqkFj4kuAeVyi1CbVpuwg3orocP46NVh2uFiVE3vXxiDRiOFLX-o00dDCY-Qo5qFyJbUtpVfyJqMChzXdjo1kySAGVcLDplpdVWmm996XwMMAAVXV0XSgANklgBZIpWiBERqh53q9wea_t-qw2BSOL0klByxL0GANknisrgaW7jB0LuHrMosqAt6hjry0IACGaIxDvd8_6w7W0b5Gs9xr4bJkQOAghWoSmKftD-oZG-Egbaw7yeH0KGoMoCFrFuChIpVR9vG-v5txe-jWbb8kGMsDrpgGuvr97YgCLjnj62l0c5FEJdFtHq_M1lk82-dcuy0wiILrL1XMLJ18EV4bXY-JkNJ2Jn1VffIOCywj8DBDrcDIHfVXfGUxBHrtgSs0TGn_Zqc8CRXXrbOQwHHcPmzjD5dJZasmrCrUT_ZtY9o9ogyH9MgPp7E6zkdjehfJWs8koPeipeZUeAwyZCMOr5w522BKnEV8scVMwbMl-ZGHGUUjWiNlofZH5cJTIwwAzz0Jex39WKScPTobncdk_T4abLy3uQpK-_ahUJJ9LLkFnPpAjLV-p-QZRFfY96mNXVu371lZwaAjwgFYo8xcIjQf9sYbkSyciRYm8uIRf2BVXJQAN0_Ze3Q1SGHWus7LPtQDUsGOx4aMiv-Tl1UzSRm09fdPTA1TC2rBatoZGz0OssDywRCj08oWt;/?ep=A-aJT2MAAPKEL4Teunm-YLdk6ypHqeTG1yfV8nwPK64WFxIW01b_yaN27nZcQ3LDiDBqieIuvVWd6CaSurBnd2qTiduZID3Yp_PRZ34sibHeK1KhOVuFc8FffBr0Mc9vGd9dGySeugmYm-Ye6Didz3LbEvBVYqdEAYm0hOritiKpLmZWLypoGRssf66ZOmAFtRPs41MKeQv_yfqVYERw1rD-kGGV5FVoK6Xm&v=2 ラウンドアップ ラウンドアップ Lu says that the study "shows that this is not always true".

According to some scientists this finding suggests that the future regulation of genetically engineered crops needs to be reviewed. "Some individuals are claiming that biosafety regulations are relaxed since we've achieved an extremely high level of satisfaction with two years of genetic engineering" Ellstrand says. The study revealed that the newest products should be evaluated carefully.


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