Notes

The advantages of genetically modified crops over weeds

In nature, resistance to herbicides could confer advantages to plants.

ラウンドアップ Credit Xiao Yang
It has been proven that a genetic modification technique is extensively used to make crops resistant to herbicides, confers advantages on the rice that is weedy. The finding suggests that the effects of such modification have the potential to extend beyond the confines of farms into the wild.

A variety of crops are created genetically to be resistant to the glyphosate. ラウンドアップ The herbicide, first called Roundup, was introduced on the market in the year 1996 under the tradename Roundup. Farmers are able to eliminate the weeds that grow in their fields by using this glyphosate resistance , without damaging their crops.

Glyphosate blocks an enzyme called EPSP synthase which is responsible for the production of certain amino acid and various other molecules. https://rd.listing.yahoo.co.jp/p/search/GU=A-aJT2MAACleN1FDIrpPeI0jRvZ_SfYgipqm5QmGMEGH_Cyd7fue2mQevTBXr1bbM5MKVkptzmMsahLVFzwO7gqRpQqHN084dT1VxlT1aHK5kdpjv0Rma5XxUhnyqxTB0AQebMfPzPnTzC0niakcplqXRIi1M1pC7F4iXBxz_TQ9-ObHa2mdtE6XNrupPvE2Fc7kI9ny2K1FIJEKlOG3qlkHjmA0O8XAi9IfRQLxLuqM1pilnZWtlZwS742AseC1qsEtRb4s8jKjdDr00PqEKBM5heN4NWm5610SfjAiJldABIJIiYqyww8p99BCS9sUMJ9SvQc8f_-h2lIgnMjSIbiOfCGEKd9wuWt2ggI5mGWiJ38bOo5R8jgKea1M6efVXCRG59PzcViJcT5XDoLoR5TpEYlF9gAAbUNltbGfIhYbOLtlOGG4_9Dlsmge1mZpqRq4RXACe1ncBeZtYkeB3dtj-8-2E5N19fn7bowQ6E29JvgCUHg-2hu2-R7sGpu9L5ERe5P8EReIiOz1AkKS88Iiom0RWIiI4Robxzkiep_HURiaWxGr2RmCzgaaAlKgtrGkrDY-OAP0_v0vyQC61Hs5Iy674JSUOu7PUpq8XDUGHSH2BmuCF4UmZeHKwRsuanYO_rnxesecWSTkOmAtyRkiTBa90cY_fnEus8oPVIgktN067qcthhONnnGodt4NPRexZEKdAldsfNp-fQvCFpAriHlZZAKUdbtjAhwOnNp94E-gnIBb9wS4AELA3CeK2l1UmK3wSvIAecWPwXT8sM8t9KFDGb1HF1V5ywfY2dgn-nPg-erzWx7-7anCK0g2MMdDJJ-vfj6hJE060SqlkkrJl3c3OWqV8QX4ArhLnAMJ5Ox9l_iKd5J_zoLKr23U7jK1GEaGPSDQIP5uJ522EpNNv2if1fCQ5A8A_WHgxwYAYiDjLOoUDmZujrJdjkPy5DQjRVtfol-NVOwXtU9lWPDkHACzloWORD6sc7Og3tGjwJS4eORUmBg5UaTxNLbjOD1P8QCecDH6Ex7kZLrwpULksx6kyEs;/?ep=A-aJT2MAAPTTWODN2FCiS7Hrm5W8RKRObSoVsQAhRcW8MQYo_TUzpRh3BxATOTdEY2nNnybtKAwqaycf-GFm177NyxSHKv0oOOQ8OP2jLkibZgR8KojDaJcwTI8471Nj2jOWG6DWcINaPJlD3-ZWC4T3OYd5q7DOdjz2zxhH-giC7rrwcBGXJcEeGMTtxVttR1G2wPEct4-IbywtrdKprAGXSEiegcWjOV1m&v=2 It can also inhibit plant growth. ラウンドアップ Genetic modification -- employed, for example in Roundup Ready crops made by the biotechnology giant Monsanto, based in St Louis, Missouri -generally includes inserting genes into a plant's genome to increase EPSP-synthase's production. The genes typically come from bacteria that are infected with plants.

The plant can withstand the adverse effects of glyphosate due to the addition of EPSP synthase. Biotechnology labs have tried using plants' genes to increase EPSP synthase production. This was partly to take advantage of a loophole in US law that permits regulatory approval of organisms containing transgenes which have not come from bacteria pests.

There aren't many studies that have examined whether transgenes, such as those that confer resistance to glyphosate, could make plants more resilient to surviving and reproduce once they cross-pollinate with weedy or wild species. "The common belief is that any transgene can cause disadvantages in the wild in the absence of selection pressure, because the additional machinery could reduce the fitness," says Norman Ellstrand, a plant geneticist at the University of California in Riverside.

Lu Baorong is an ecologist in Fudan University Shanghai. His study shows that glyphosate resistance provides a significant fitness benefit, even if it's not applied.

ラウンドアップ 古い Lu and his coworkers have genetically altered the cultivated rice species to express the EPSP synthase. Then, they crossed-bred it with a marijuana-producing parent.

The team allowed the offspring of crossbreeding to crossbreed with each other, resulting in second-generation hybrids that are genetically identical to each other , with the exception of the number of copies the gene encoding EPSP synase. As expected, the hybrids with more copies had a higher chance to make more tryptophan as well as have more enzyme levels over their counterparts that were not modified.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic hybrids produced between 48-125percent more seeds per plant, and had more photosynthesis, and had more shoots than non-transgenic ones.

Lu believes that making rice that is weedy more competitive could make the problem worse for farmers across the world whose fields are being infested by the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham, UK Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham in the "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice varieties their genetic diversity that was so important for conserving, could be threatened because it would outcompete the normal varieties." https://www.komeri.com/search/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97/?dispNo=&codeSearch=0&searchFirst=1 "This is among the most obvious instances of the highly probable negative consequences [of GM crops] upon the natural environment."

ラウンドアップ The general public believes that plants with genetically modified genes containing more copies of their own genes than microorganisms are safe. This notion is however questioned by this study. Lu says, "Our study shows this is not always the case."

Researchers have said that this discovery requires rethinking the future regulation on genetically modified crops. Ellstrand says that some people believe biosafety regulations can be relaxed because we've had more than two years of genetic engineering. The study showed that new products need to be evaluated carefully.


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