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•located in middle east
•by 4k B.C.E., farmers of Mesopotamia were familiar with bronze & copper
•invented wheel for transportation
•well established pottery industry
•needed coordination among communities for irrigation, led to complex political structures
-Sumerians
•By 3.5k B.C.E., Sumerians, the people who invaded Mesopotamia, invented cuneiform alphabet
•used different pics for different objects -> geometric objects for sound
•number system based on units of 10,60,360
•developed complex religious rituals
•first monumental architecture - ziggurats (massive towers)
•polytheistic
•concept of afterlife and hell ->jewish, christian, muslim cultures
•political structures stressed organized city states (ruled by a king)
•kings commanded everything like war
•used fertilizers
•silver as a currency
•hard to defend civilization, fell to Akkadians
-Egyptian Civilizations
•located Northern Africa, Nile river
•Formed by 3k B.C.E.
•pharaoh was in charge
•pyramids built 2700 B.C.E. onward
•Kush invaded egypt
-Indian & Chinese River Valley Civilizations
-civilization emerged along the Indus river at 2.5k BCE
•supported cities like Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
•Harappan writing unable to be deciphered
-civilization along the Huanghe(Yellow River)
•created advanced society by 2k B.C.E.
•introduced silver by 1k B.C.E.
•created ideographic symbols
•science, specifically astronomy, arose early here
•Shang were the first to rule over Huanghe valley
-Heritage of River Valley Civilizations
•Invention of wheels, taming of horses, creation of alphabet, square roots, monarchies/bureaucracies, calendars, divisions of time
•lasted until 1k B.C.E.
•affected Roman empire, concept of god-like king
•Phoenicians created alphabet with 22 letters around 1300 B.C.E.
•Lydians created coined money
•Jehovah was jew's only god, monotheistic
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