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A Descriptive Indonesian Grammar A Student's Grammar Of Malay And Indonesian Students Guide To Indonesian Grammar Indonesian: A Comprehensive Grammar
nominalised adjective of measure An adjective of measure which is used as a noun, such as berat ‘heavy’ in berat saya ‘my weight’. nominalised clause A clause acting as a noun. nominalised relative clause A relative clause which takes the place of a noun when the noun it would usually follow is omitted. Thus the relative clause yang biru in the noun phrase mobil yang biru itu ‘that blue car’ is nominalised when mobil ‘car’ is omitted, as in Yang biru itu mobil saya ‘That blue one is my car’.

demonstrative pronoun Demonstratives ini ‘this’ and itu ‘that’ occurring alone rather than after a noun, as in Ini bagus ‘This is good’. dependent clause A clause which cannot occur alone as a sentence but is always part of a larger structure, such as a subordinate clause or a relative clause . derivational affix An affix which, when attached to a base, changes the word to another class, or derives another class. Thus, when -an is suffixed to the verb base pakai ‘wear’ it derives a noun, pakaian ‘clothes’.
A Descriptive Indonesian Grammar
direct quote Words which report exactly what someone said. direct quote clause A clause which directly quotes what someone says, such as Dia berkata, ‘Terima kasih’ ‘He said, “Thank you”’. relative clause and possessor topic-comment relative clause. transitive clause A verbal clause which has an object and which contains a transitive verb. transitive verb A verb which occurs in a transitive clause.

Components of a clause which are not nuclear are called adjuncts. defining relative clause A relative clause whose subject is omitted because it corresponds to the head noun of the embedding phrase. It is preceded by yang, as in Orang yang duduk di situ ‘The person who is sitting there’. demonstrative The words ini ‘this’, itu ‘that’, tersebut ‘already mentioned’ and tadi ‘recently mentioned’, which follow nouns.
A Student's Grammar Of Malay And Indonesian
Derived clauses can best be described with reference to basic clauses; they can be either independent or dependent. Under this definition passive clauses are derived. However, they are discussed together with active clauses, beginning in section 3.26. Other derived clauses are described in sections 3.86–145. The resulting two bases or words are separated by a hyphen in writing. The second base or word is treated as the reduplicated part.

A noun phrase always has a noun as its head word. The head word of the noun phrase mobil besar itu ‘that big car’ is mobil ‘car’. An adjective phrase has an adjective as its head, and so on.
Students Guide To Indonesian Grammar
Examples of reduplicated free bases are buku-buku, tinggitinggi, duduk-duduk. Examples of reduplicated complex words are perubahanperubahan , tulisan-tulisan . Examples of reduplicated bases within a complex word are kemerah-merahan , berkali-kali , sebesar-besarnya , melihat-lihat .
nominalisation Turning a word or construction into a noun. Thus, menjadi ‘become’ has as a complement the noun presiden in Dia menjadi presiden ‘He became president’. Thus the word tiba ‘arrive’ has no relationship to tiba-tiba ‘suddenly’. It occurs as the predicate of a verbal clause. direct quote Words which report exactly what someone said. verbal clause A clause whose predicate centre is a verb, such as Mereka sedang makan ‘They are eating’. A phrase is a group of words which is grammatically equivalent to a single word, being able to occur in the same places as that word.
However, anda conveys social information, as discussed below. The pronouns kita ‘we ’, kami ‘we ’, ia, dia ‘he, she’, and mereka ‘they’ are socially neutral. Of the third person pronouns, only beliau ‘he, she’ carries social connotation, referring to ide desain interior kamar tidur people who are held in high respect. It is among second person pronouns, those used for the person being addressed, that most variety occurs. 1.188 Some simple transitive verbs are based on nouns and mean ‘use on the object, apply to the object’.

The first singular forms both mean ‘I’ but differ in social distribution, as discussed below. The second person pronouns are all restricted in social usage. However, the third person forms are socially neutral except beliau ‘he, she ’. Pronouns aku ‘I’ and engkau, kau, kamu ‘you singular’ and kalian ‘you plural’ are intimate forms, used to children and between equals who have a close relationship with each other. They are sometimes used to younger adults, although this always conveys a suggestion of social superiority on the part of the speaker.
negation Turning a construction into a negative by adding to it one of the negative words. negative A word, sometimes also called a negative word, which negates a construction. The major negatives are tidak ‘not’, bukan ‘not’, jangan ‘don’t’, belum ‘not yet’. The term is also used to refer to a construction which is negated, that is, which contains a negative. Thus a clause containing tidak is a negative clause. nominalisation Turning a word or construction into a noun.
Desain Apartemen Mid Century is, the process is not restricted to particular words but can be applied to new words as they appear in the language or to already existing words to which it has not been applied before. Some processes, such as infixing, are not productive; the process occurs only with particular words. Where a process is not productive, this is pointed out in the relevant section. Full reduplication 1.10 Simple words , complex words and the bases of complex words can be fully reduplicated. Full reduplication involves repeating the entire word. 4 SENTENCES 4.1 A sentence is a construction which is grammatically complete; it can stand alone as a complete utterance .


There are several types, including limiters such as hanya ‘only’, and additives such as juga ‘also’. foregrounding A way of highlighting or giving extra attention to a word or phrase, usually by placing it earlier in a sentence than it normally occurs. foregrounding particle A particle which highlights or calls attention to the part of the sentence to which it is attached. 3 CLAUSES 3.1 A clause is a construction which contains a predicate and, with some minor exceptions, a subject. An independent clause is one which can occur alone as a sentence (see 4.63). A dependent clause cannot occur alone but is always part of a larger structure.
Indonesian: A Comprehensive Grammar
This word is the head or head word of the phrase, the rest of the phrase being built around it. The phrase type is identified by the word class of its head. Thus a noun phrase contains a noun, an adjective phrase contains an adjective, and so on.

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