Notes

How did Roundup Ready and Roundup become what they are in the present?
What exactly is Roundup Ready, and what are the Roundup-ready crops? Roundup Ready refers to a trademarked line of genetically altered seeds that are intolerant to Roundup. These crops are called Roundup Ready crops.

Who came up with Roundup?
Glyphosate is the active agent in Roundup, was first discovered as an herbicide in the year 1970 by Monsanto chemical scientist, John Franz. Pre-emergent herbicides were used in the ag industry at the time. They were applied prior to the crop or weeds appeared. ラウンドアップ Glyphosate's post-emergent function in the control of large quantities of grass weeds and broadleaf plants was distinct. This, combined with its extraordinary environmental properties (soil activation rapid decay, zero carry-over etc.) and toxicological characteristics (extremely low toxicity for mammals and beneficial organisms) this made the product a breakthrough.

When was the time Roundup introduced?
Roundup(r), an herbicide with broad spectrum, was first introduced to the market in 1974. It quickly grew to become the top-selling agricultural chemical. ラウンドアップ Roundup(r) initially, was used in ditches on railway tracks as well as in fields between the growth seasons. This helped farmers control broadleaf and grass weeds emerging from the soil. This reduced the necessity for tillage, maintained soil structure, and decreased soil erosion.

Then came the issue of Roundup Ready GMOs.
Monsanto scientists, inspired by the amazing breakthroughs in recombinant technology in the 1970s, realized the many advantages to farmers if Roundup could be directly applied to crops to control the weeds. Ernie Jaworski led a small group that included Steve Rogers, Rob Horsch and me to work on this problem. This team had already developed the first systems that could introduce genes into plants in the 1980s. We then turned our attention towards creating viruses–resistant, insect-resistant, Roundup-tolerant varieties of cropping.

It was recognized that glyphosate could inhibit the biochemical pathway in plants that made aromatic amino acids (animals and humans don't have this pathway which explains Roundup's high level of mammalian security) and that glyphosate is broken down very rapidly in the soil by microorganisms. In the latter half of the 1980s researchers discovered the genes of plants and microbial ones which conferred higher herbicide tolerance. In 1987, the USDA approved the first field trial of Roundup Ready crops. This was a Roundup-resistant variety of genetically modified tomatoes that proved tolerant to Roundup. A few years later, the bacteria that would become the gene that would later become the Roundup Ready trait was isolated and introduced into crops.

Let's take a look at soybeans. To illustrate we can answer the below questions: What are Roundup Ready soybeans, and what is their manufacturing process? https://www.ikeda-green.com/item/gaichu-33/ Roundup Ready soybeans are genetically engineered soybeans which have had their DNA changed so that they can withstand Roundup's herbicide, glyphosate. ラウンドアップ Since each soybean seed was injected with the Roundup Ready gene prior planting, these soybeans are resistant to the chemical glyphosate. This means that farmers are able to apply the herbicide to remove weeds without harming their crops.

Roundup Ready crop introductions in 1996 have had a major impact on agriculture and agriculture science. Roundup resistance was soon accepted by farmers, and the adoption of Roundup Ready was swift. ラウンドアップ Today, nearly 90 percent of U.S. soybeans are grown using a biotech gene for herbicide tolerance. Apart from reducing and improving weed control methods which increased crop yields Roundup Ready crops decreased tillage and reduced equipment costs and allowed for easier harvests due to "cleaner areas" with fewer weeds. A major environmental benefit is the increased the use of conservation cultivation: farmers are able to reduce their the amount of energy used, GHG emissions and soil structure while maintaining soil structure. In 2013, this was equivalent to removing 28 billion kilograms of CO2 from the air. This is equivalent to removing 12.4 million vehicles off the road for one year (Source: PG Economics).
Read More: https://www.jacom.or.jp/nouyaku/news/2019/10/191024-39457.php