Notes

Genetically modified plants are more advantageous than the weeds

In the wild, plants can be treated with herbicides.

Credit Xiao Yang
The use of genetic modification of crops to make them resistant to herbicides is widely utilized to provide advantages to species of rice that are weedy. This suggests that the genetic modification could also have potential to affect wild animals.

A variety of varieties of crops have been created genetically to resist the glyphosate. The herbicide, originally known as Roundup, was introduced to the market in 1996 under the trade name Roundup. Farmers are able to eliminate the weeds that grow in their fields with glyphosate without harming their crops due to this resistance.

ラウンドアップ 朝露 Glyphosate may hinder the growth of plants by blocking EPSP synase, an enzyme involved in the production of amino acids, as well as other chemical compounds which comprise around 35% of the plant's mass. Genetic modification -- used, for instance, in the Roundup Ready crops made by the biotech giant Monsanto, based in St Louis, Missouri -usually involves inserting genes into a plant's genome to increase the production of EPSP synthase. The genes are often derived from bacteria that have infected the plants.

This additional EPSP synthase allows the plant to withstand the effects of glyphosate. ラウンドアップ Biotechnology labs also have tried to utilize plants' genes instead of bacteria to boost EPSP-synthase production and, in turn, to take advantage of the loophole that is in US law that allows approval by regulators of organisms that have transgenes not that are derived from bacteria.

Few studies have looked into whether transgenes, such as ones that confer resistance to the chemical glyphosate can help plants to be more resilient to surviving and reproduce once they cross-pollinate with wild or weedy species. "The common belief is that any transgene can cause disadvantages in the wild, in the absence of any selection pressure because the additional machinery could lower the fitness," says Norman Ellstrand, a plant geneticist at the University of California in Riverside.

Lu Baorong is an ecologist at Fudan University Shanghai. His research shows that resistance to glyphosate provides a significant fitness benefit even when it isn't applied.

Their study was published in 1. Lu and his collaborators altered the genetics of cultivated rice to boost its EPSP synthase expression and crossed it with a weedy relative.

The researchers allowed offspring of crossbreeding to crossbreed with each other, resulting in second-generation hybrids that are genetically identical to one another, except for the amount of copies the gene encoding EPSP synase. The ones who had more copies expressed higher amounts of the enzyme and produced more amino acid tryptophan than their unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also found that transgenics had higher rates, had more flowers and 48-125percent more seeds/plant than nontransgenics.

ラウンドアップ Lu claims that making weedy grains more competitive could create more difficulties to farmers around the world who have crops infected by the insect.

ラウンドアップ Brian Ford Lloyd, a UK plant scientist, stated that the EPSP Synthase gene is able to get into wild rice species. This would threaten their genetic diversity, which is extremely important. "This is one of the clearest instances of the extremely damaging consequences [of GM crops on the environment."

The general public believes that genetically engineered crops that have additional copies of microorganisms' genes are safer than ones containing only their own genes. Lu says that Lu's research does not contradict this view.

ラウンドアップ ラウンドアップ The finding calls for a review of future regulation of genetically modified crops, some researchers say. Ellstrand believes that biosafety regulations could be relaxed as we enjoy a high level security from two decades of genetic engineering. This study isn't proof that the new products are secure.

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