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Tiny and Tough: The Tardigrades
All life forms can hold lessons for humanity—even tiny ones. If you don't believe this, consider the tardigrade. These minuscule animals are usually no longer than a millimeter; to the naked eye, they are nearly undetectable. Yet tardigrades are amazingly tough—perhaps the toughest creatures on Earth.
Tardigrades' unique characteristics and behaviors become evident when examined under a microscope. Scientists have nicknamed these miniature animals "water bears" and "moss piglets." Tardigrades have an almost cute appearance as they toddle around clumsily on their eight short legs. With sharp mouth parts called stylets, they pierce the cells of plants, algae, bacteria, and even other tiny animals. They suck up the liquid from the cells with straw-like tubes attached to their round mouths.
There are more than a thousand known species of tardigrades. They live everywhere on Earth, including in lakes, in deserts, and in the highest elevations of the tallest mountains. They can survive anyplace where even a small drop of water exists—like on a patch of moss. It is the tardigrade's ability to tolerate such varied and often extreme environments that most fascinates scientists. Tardigrades can withstand the pressure of the deep ocean and the extreme temperature of volcanoes, hot springs, and ice fields. They can survive being exposed to harsh chemicals and intense radiation that would kill other animals.
Perhaps the most intriguing tardigrade survival mechanism is their ability to almost die. When conditions are not conducive to life—for example, when there is no available water or oxygen—a tardigrade can dry up and form itself into a little ball called a tun. Nearly all the tardigrade's life functions cease. It can stay in this state for decades without actually dying. When conditions improve—for example, when water becomes available—the tardigrade revives and goes about its normal life as though nothing has happened. This state of near-death is called cryptobiosis.
Scientists do not yet have all the answers about how tardigrades stay in cryptobiosis so long. Unlike other small organisms that enter cryptobiosis, tardigrades have complex anatomies, similar to much larger animals. They have brains, complete digestive systems, muscles, and simple eyes. Tardigrades somehow manage to shield these complex systems from harm when they go into cryptobiosis. Scientists have found one way tardigrades may do this: by producing special proteins that harden into a glass-like state and protect the tardigrades' cells.
To learn more about tardigrades' exceptional survival abilities, scientists have studied them in labs and in the wild, and even taken them into space. In 2007, thousands of tardigrades in a tun state were strapped to the outside of a spaceship and sent into orbit around Earth. They were exposed to the frigid, oxygen-free vacuum of space and the sun's intense radiation, and amazingly, some of them survived.
In 2021, tardigrades took up residence on the International Space Station—this time, on the inside of the spacecraft. The purpose was to allow scientists to study specific ways in which tardigrades adapt to space-flight conditions over time. The information scientists gather about tardigrades in space may one day enable humans to extend our reach into the vast universe.
     
 
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