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Kinetic—energy in action (ball bouncing)
Potential—stored (inactive) energy (battery
Chemical energy-Stored in bonds of chemical substances (ATP)
• Electrical energy--Results from movement of charged particles (neurons)
• Mechanical energy--Directly involved in moving matter (riding a bike)
• Radiant or electromagnetic energy--Travels in waves (e.g., visible light, ultraviolet light, and x-rays)
• Atoms are composed of subatomic particles--Protons, neutrons, electrons
• Neutrons--Carry no charge,--Mass = 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
• Protons--Carry positive charge,--Mass = 1 amu
• Atomic number = Always Number of protons in nucleus
• Mass number --Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus
• Isotopes--Structural variations of atoms--Differ in the number of neutrons they contain
• Atomic numbers same; mass numbers different
• Three types of mixtures
– Solutions
– Colloids
– Suspensions
– Colloids (AKA emulsions)--Some undergo sol-gel transformations
• Suspensions--Heterogeneous mixtures, e.g., blood,---Large, visible solutes settle out
• Chemical bonds are energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms
• Electrons can occupy up to seven electron shells (energy levels) around nucleus
• Electrons in valence shell (outermost electron shell)
Have most potential energy
Are chemically reactive electrons
• Octet rule (rule of eights)--Except for the first shell (full with two electrons) atoms interact to have eight electrons in their valence shell
• Ions -Atom gains or loses electrons and becomes charged
• Transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another forms ions
• One becomes an anion (negative charge)
-Atom that gained one or more electrons
• One becomes a cation (positive charge)
-Atom that lost one or more electrons
• Covalent Bonds--Formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons
• Allows each atom to fill its valence shell at least part of the time
• Polar Covalent Bonds--Unequal sharing of electrons produces polar (AKA dipole) molecules such as H2O
• Electronegative--Small atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons
• Electropositive--Most atoms with one or two valence shell electrons
• Hydrogen Bonds-- Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
• Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions-- Are decomposition reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy
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